單親家長的性別角色內涵轉變之研究

Abstract

性別是近年來備受關注的議題之一，而家庭是幼兒最初開始建立性別角色觀念的環境，因此家長的性別角色內涵對個體性別角色的建立有重要的影響。本研究之研究目的為了解單親家長的性別角色內涵，以完整描繪出單親家長的性別角色內涵樣貌，本研究同時搜集原生家庭的性別角色教養內涵，以及單親家長對其子女的性別角色教養內涵。本研究之研究對象為居住在雙北地區的七位單親女性家長，以及一位居住於新竹市的男性單親家長；而教育程度方面，僅有一位單親家長為高職畢業，其餘七位單親家長皆為大專院校及研究所以上的學歷；除此之外，本研究單親家長與其子女的性別組合多樣化，包含兩對母子、三對母女、兩對母子女及一對父女組合，僅缺少父子之親子組合。本研究透過半結構式的實體訪談、線上訪談及電子問卷等方式搜集資料，透過轉錄逐字稿，彙整與分析摘要與編碼後，歸納出本研究的研究結果為以下三點：（1）單親家長對於婚姻關係的期望，與其成長過程中父母親男主外女主內的家務分工模式，以及重男輕女的觀念不同，單親家長傾向與另外一半建立較平等及平權的婚姻關係。（2） 單親家長皆因經濟因素而感受到夫妻雙方在婚姻中有不平衡的付出，女性單親家長因受限於經濟能力，較容易需承擔家務工作及請育嬰假的選擇，而男性單親家長因被期望承擔起家庭中的經濟重擔而有壓力，性別角色的差異使得家長產生不安全感的原因不同，也使得單親家長在婚姻過程中逐漸轉變其性別角色內涵，但單親後，經濟及育兒上無人可分擔的壓力成為挑戰，而心態的轉變及多元化的支持資源都能幫助單親家長度過考驗。（3） 單親家長對子女的性別角色教養有所矛盾，雖在未來擇偶上，傾向開放的性別角色觀念，卻又顧慮社會中他人的眼光，對於子女的行為和服裝外型仍期望子女能符合社會中性別角色的規範。基於研究結果，提供未來相關研究及實務工作者之建議，且期望讓社會更了解單親家庭，並使家長覺察自身的性別角色內涵，嘗試突破傳統的框架。Gender is one of the topics that has received much attention in recent years, and the family is the environment in which children first begin to establish their gender roles. Therefore, the implications of parental gender roles have a significant impact on the establishment of their gender roles. The purpose of this study is to understand the content of gender roles in single-parent families. In order to more completely depict the gender role connotation of single parents, this research also collects information on the gender role socialization in the original families and the gender role socialization of single parents towards their children. The study participants are seven single mothers residing in the Taipei and New Taipei area, and one single father residing in Hsinchu City. In terms of educational background, only one single parent has graduated from a high school, while the rest have obtained college or postgraduate degrees. Additionally, the study includes diverse gender compositions between single parents and their children, comprising two mother-son pairs, three mother-daughter pairs, two mother-son-daughter trios, and one father-daughter pair, with the only absence of father-son pairs.This study collected data through semi-structured physical interviews, online interviews, and online questionnaires. After transcribing the verbatim transcripts, compiling and analyzing the abstracts and coding, the findings of this study were summarized as follows. First, single parents' expectations of marital relationships and their upbringing experiences, which might have included traditional gender role divisions and favoring sons over daughters, differ from those of their original families. Single parents tend to establish more equitable and equal marital relationships with their wife or husband. Second, due to economic factors, single parents perceive an imbalance in contributions within their marriages. Female single parents are more likely to take on household responsibilities and choose to take parental leave due to limited financial resources, while male single parents feel pressure to bear the economic burden in the absence of a partner. These gender role differences lead to different reasons for single parents' feelings of insecurity during the marital transition. However, after becoming single parents, the challenges of economic pressure and sole responsibility for childcare can be overcome with a change in mindset and diversified support resources. Lastly, single parents' gender role socialization towards their children is contradictory. While they lean towards open-minded gender role concepts for their children's future partner selection, they also worry about societal judgments and still expect their children's behavior and appearance to conform to traditional gender norms. Based on the research findings, this study provides suggestions for future research and practitioners, aiming to promote a better understanding of single-parent families and raise awareness among parents regarding their own gender role implications, encouraging them to break free from traditional frameworks.