都是自戀惹的禍？當精神分析遇見《鋼琴教師》

Abstract

本論文目標以精神分析觀點解讀奧地利作家艾芙烈．葉利尼克的小說《鋼琴教師》並以「自戀」為研究主題。在小說中，葉利尼克處理了許多重要的議題，例如：母女關係、施受虐、自殘等等。然而，本文主張「自戀」實為小說中貫串所有議題的主要核心。本研究試圖藉由佛洛伊德、科胡特、科恩伯格的觀點分析小說中的自戀現象。

本論文共分三章。第一章探究精神分析脈絡中，自戀理論的演化與轉變。首先，將由奧維德的納西瑟斯神話談起，以及其神話如何與當代精神分析的自戀議題產生連結。接著將聚焦於佛洛伊德「原初自戀」的概念，並探討「原初自戀」與「自我理想」、「良知」和「攻擊性/侵略性」之間的關係。進而闡明佛洛伊德對父母之愛的觀察，說明父母在自身的原初自戀影響之下將如何看待他們的子女。在原初自戀必然受到現實原則衝擊的框架之下，本文將探討「自我理想」與「良知」如何由原初自戀衍生而來又進而演變成超我的一部分，操控著人們的思想與行為。接著將深入檢視攻擊性、變態與自戀之關係。此外，我將闡述科胡特的「自戀忿怒」理論，「自戀忿怒」是人類最具毀滅性的一種攻擊力，它是由「自戀創傷」所引起並促使個體展開報復的心理反應。最後將以科恩伯格的觀點去討論妒忌心理、自戀與攻擊性的關係。

第二章追溯主角艾莉卡的個案歷史進而分析其生命歷程中的重要事件。藉由佛洛伊德對自我理想與良知的主張分析小說中的母女關係。首先，從佛洛伊德對父母之愛的觀察可說明艾莉卡的母親是如何看待艾莉卡。而母親如何極盡所能地「打造」與形塑艾莉卡的自戀人格。透過研究母親的超我結構來探討艾莉卡如何在母親的影響下受到「自我理想」與「良知」的控制。接著說明自我理想的幻滅如何引發艾莉卡的「自戀忿怒」，從而促使她對週遭的人展開報復。最後，將透過科恩伯格的理論解析艾莉卡自戀人格的忌妒心理與此心理作用所引發的攻擊性。

第三章透過社會文化的視角探討葉利尼克的性別立場與她對女性主義的態度。第一，本研究將小說《鋼琴教師》視為「反男性藝術家小說」並藉此分析葉利尼克如何對父權體系做出強烈抨擊。首先考察西方文學中藝術家小說的慣例與傳統，進而剖析《鋼琴教師》何以為「反男性藝術家小說」。葉利尼克模仿藝術家小說的形式但又同時顛覆所有藝術家小說的傳統並揭露此文類中的男性霸權。之後將援引維吉尼亞．吳爾芙在〈自己的房間〉中對西方文學史之研究與性別不平等的觀點，進而說明《鋼琴教師》中女性知識份子與女性作品缺席所代表的意義。最後利用佛洛伊德群體心理學的論述，分析葉利尼克筆下奧地利國家集體的自我理想以及此種集體自戀如何演變成一種集體的攻擊性。

This thesis aims to propose a psychoanalytic reading of the Austrian writer Elfriede Jelinek’s novel The Piano Teacher and take narcissism as the research object. In the novel, Jelinek deals with many important issues such as the mother-daughter relationship, sadomasochism, self-mutilation, and so on. However, this thesis contends that narcissism is the main theme which connects all these issues in this novel. This study attempts to investigate the phenomenon of narcissism in the novel through the perspectives of Freud, Kohut, and Kernberg.

This thesis is divided into three chapters. The first chapter probes into the evolution of the theories on narcissism in the vein of psychoanalysis. In the first place, this chapter will begin with Ovid’s myth of Narcissus and how it is connected with the issue of narcissism in contemporary psychoanalysis. Next I will focus on Freud’s ideas on primary narcissism and its relationship with the ego ideal, conscience, and aggression. Then I will illustrate Freud’s observations on parental love and how they treat their children under the influence of their own primary narcissism. Under the framework of primary narcissism which must be shaken by the reality principle, this thesis will discuss how the ego ideal and conscience are derived from primary narcissism and how they later become parts of the superego which manipulates human’s thinking and behaviors. Next the relationship between the aggression, perversion, narcissism will be examined in detail. Besides, I will elaborate on Kohut’s theories on narcissistic rage which is the most devastating kind of aggression, will be provoked by narcissistic injury, and leads one to take revenge. Finally, I will investigate Kernberg’s perspectives on the connection between envy, narcissism, and aggression.

The second chapter deals with the case history of the protagonist Erika and traces the key incidents in her life. I will utilize Freud’s contention about the ego ideal and conscience to dissect the mother-daughter relationship in the novel. Firstly, I will illustrate how Erika’s mother treats her daughter through Freud’s observations on parental love. Next I will analyze how Erika’s mother “makes” and shapes her narcissistic personality in every possible way. Through studying the content of her mother’s superego, I will discuss how Erika is controlled by the ego ideal and conscience under the influence of her mother. Then I will expound how the disillusionment of the ego ideal triggers Erika’s narcissistic rage and leads to her revenge on the people around her. Eventually, I will explain Erika’s envy complex as a narcissistic personality and how it provokes her aggression by Kernberg’s theories.

The third chapter draws on Jelinek’s gender position and her attitude toward feminism through the social-cultural perspectives. First of all, this study views The Piano Teacher as an anti-male-Künstlerroman (anti-male-artist-novel) to analyze how Jelinek attacks the patriarchal system. I will first explore the conventions and traditions of the artist novel in Western literature to dissect how The Piano Teacher can be an anti-male-artist-novel. Jelinek imitates the forms of the artist-novel but simultaneously subverts all these conventions and reveals the male hegemony in this genre. Then I will explicate the absence of female intellectuals and works in The Piano Teacher via Virginia Woolf’s research on Western literary history and her perspectives on gender inequality in “A Room of One’s Own.” Lastly, I will use Freud’s theories on group psychology to dissect the Austrian collective ego ideal and how the collective narcissism leads to the collective aggression in Jelinek’s depiction.