古民居的衛浴設施適應性設計模式與創作——以泉州蔡氏古民居「德棣厝」為例

Abstract

閩南古民居建築形式別具一格，留下了豐富的文化遺產。在重視中華傳統文化復興與地域傳統文化發展的大環境下，社會、政府、學界均意識到閩南古建築保護與發展的迫切性與重要性。民居建築的根本在於「居住」功能，但據實際的走訪調查發現閩南地區古民居村落裡的居民留居在古厝之中的人數正處於下降趨勢，多以中老年人爲主。出現這種情況的原因有很多，但其中的一個重要原因是缺乏便捷、舒適的現代生活設施及其承載空間，難以留住年輕人。 本研究的對象為「國家級文物保護單位」的閩南古民居建築，同時現在仍有居民在其中生活居住。所以面對如何適應現代人的生活方面，遇到保護與更新的矛盾問題，如果一直追求靜態的保護措施，使民居建築狀態維持在歷史的某個時間點，勢必會影響在其中居住人的生活質量，使人們越來越遠離古厝。如果要更新就需要有一定的尺度，需要在保護的前提下做最小改變，並達到提升居住品質的效果。通過對相關保護原則與法規的回顧，分析出對古建築的保護措施要求「真實性」與「活態性」，這兩個原則也是本研究開展的前提。 從實地的調查與其他學者的研究中發現導致古民居建築居住價值較低的關鍵因素是舒適高效的衛浴設施的缺失，而目前現存的衛浴在位置的選擇與功能的組織上缺乏與古厝的適應性。因此提出構建與古厝相適應的「衛浴設施」構想，梳理研究適應性設計模式與個案創作。以蔡氏古民居村落中的「德棣厝」為例，在實地調查與測量的基礎上，獲取古厝建築構造、空間佈局以及傳統引排水方式，再對相關古民居研究專家訪談，與當地居民詢問交談，了解其生活方式、居住體驗和生活需求，分析出衛浴設施的選址的文化、建築、環境、居住等限制，以及功能需求。尋找並分析歸類相關案例的設計方法與特點，同時對目前能採用的功能產品、尺度以及技術進行歸納列表，並使用Gu et al.（2004）提出的適應性設計方法作為功能組織與整合設計思考，歸納出四個衛浴設施整合產品，而後使用意象轉化設計方法進行整合產品形態的創作。最後通過整理研究與設計思路與整合設計方法，總結出適應性設計模式，使「衛浴設施」即能與古厝相適應又能滿足現代的生活方式。The ancient residential buildings in southern Fujian area are precious cultural heritage in China with unique architectural values. At present, the recovery of Chinese traditional culture and the development of regional traditional culture has become increasingly important, and the society, government and academic community are paying more attention on the protection and development of ancient buildings in southern Fujian area. The basic function of residential architectures is for people to living in. However, according to the survey, the number of residents in the ancient residential buildings in southern Fujian area is declining, and the people still staying there is mostly at the middle or old age. There are many reasons for this result, but one of the important reasons is the lack of convenient and comfortable modern living facilities, making it difficult to attract young people to live. The object of this study is the ancient residential buildings in southern Fujian, which are protected as high-level cultural relics. There are still some residents living there. Therefore, a contradiction exists between how to adapt the ancient buildings to the modern life, and how to protect the cultural relics. If we just pursue protection measures under static environment and keep residential buildings unchanged in history, it will inevitably affect the lives of the residents and make people far away from the ancient residential buildings. If we want to renew the architectures, we must try best to make minimum changes to the cultural relics while improving the quality of people’s living. Through the review of relevant protection principles and regulations, this paper will analyze the protection measures for ancient buildings which require both “authenticity” and “living”. These two points are also the base of this research. Based on the investigations and research from other scholars, we find that the key factor to improve the living level in ancient residential buildings is comfortable and convenient sanitary facilities. The existing sanitary wares in the market are not suitable to be used in ancient buildings. Therefore, this paper proposes the idea of ​​constructing new “sanitary wares “that are compatible with the ancient residential buildings based on the Adaptive Design method. This paper takes the "De Di Cuo" in ancient residential village of Cai's as an example to study the drainage system in ancient architectures, and learns about the living experience and living needs from the interviews of the relevant residents and experts to analyze the suitable location and functions of the sanitary facilities in ancient buildings from the perspectives of architectural factors, environmental restrictions, and residential needs. This paper will analyze and conclude the relevant design methods and similar cases and summarize the functions, scales and technologies that can be used at present based on the adaptive design method proposed by Gu et al. (2004). And it will show four integrated designs of sanitary facilities after image transformation. Finally, after sorting through the research and design ideas, this paper will summarize the adaptive design pattern, which can not only meet the needs for functional “sanitary facilities" in modern lifestyle but also adapt to the architectural characteristics of ancient buildings.