明清政權轉移之際的孔有德

Abstract

晚明宮廷與政治鬥爭頻繁，隨著努爾哈齊崛起帶來龐大的軍事壓力，遼東邊防亦成官員間的角力場，終至守邊大將陸續求去或遭遇不測。特別是在皮島，以毛文龍個人關係構築起的邊防網，在其遭斬殺後瞬即崩解；而其養孫孔有德以其極重義理、勇於任事的人格特質逐漸嶄露頭角。吳橋兵變是孔有德一生關鍵轉捩點，在窮途末路之際歸降金國，從此對金國竭盡所能，鞠躬盡瘁，與皇太極的互動隨處可見其拳拳之心，其砲兵部隊亦成為金（清）政權重要的軍事力量。孔有德與耿仲明、尚可喜、吳三桂並列漢人藩王，更是清朝第一位掛帥出征的漢人將領，在桂林城破時選擇殉國，與其叛明形象大相逕庭，亦充分展現其重視知遇之恩的面向。近年來，重視將歷史人物或事件放入歷史脈絡中的歷史記憶研究頗為盛行，本文亦將孔有德放回當時的歷史脈絡中重新審視，梳理其叛眀降金的過程，並討論清朝官方對其評價的轉變。同時，試圖跳脫傳統道德觀，從時代的脈絡中，重新檢視孔有德，或從時代的需要中塑造孔有德的再認識，能夠較完整的建構其形象。Kong Youde, who served under the commander, Mao Wenlong, was a military officer in the Ming dynasty. After Mao was summarily executed in 1629 by General Yuan Chonghuan, Kong left with his partner, Geng Zhongming, who was Mao’s subordinate, for Dengzhou to work for Sun Yuanhua, the governor of Dengzhou and Laizhou. Kong and Geng mutinied at Wuqiao in 1631, pillaging the countryside, and sacking Dengzhou. After fighting several battles against Ming troops, Kong and his fellow soldiers were defeated and left desperately. In 1633, Kong and Geng switched allegiance to Manchu, and took the Western cannons they plundered from Dengzhou to the khan, Huang Taiji. Later, another fellow, Shang Kexi, who was also Mao’s subordinate, joined them in 1634.Kong Youde participated in the battles against the Ming dynasty, hastening its demise. Kong’s troops contributed a lot to the Qing Dynasty’s conquest of China. Then, Kong continued fighting against the Southern Ming forces in Hunan and Guangxi. In 1652, Kong Youde was battling the Southern Ming armies led by General Li Dingguo in Guilin. Having nowhere to escape, Kong committed suicide.In recent years, the study of historical memory that puts historical figures or events into the historical context has become quite popular. Therefore, this thesis re-examines Kong Youde in the historical context, clarifies the process from his betrayal of the Ming Dynasty to his surrender to the Qing Dynasty, and discusses the Qing Dynasty’s official commentary of Kong. By trying to break away from traditional moral values, and re-examining Kong Youde from the context of the times, this study can construct his image more completely.