運用執行功能訓練策略之班級經營行動研究—以國小英語科場域為例

Abstract

本研究採用行動研究法記錄研究者應用執行功能訓練策略在國小英語課程的歷程、困難與因應措施。研究者以國小四年級28名學生做為教學介入對象，比較其在執行功能與英語成就表現的變化。並以訪談、觀察、記錄、省思的方式，對行動研究過程的困難與因應之道進行探討。

在研究探索期，研究者發現學生英語基本能力低落，因此引發一系列為提升學生英語能力的措施。研究者先了解原有的校園運作文化，並與導師建立合作模式。而後，以書面資料與家長溝通，建立互信的基礎。

在行動方案規劃期，研究者認為學生自發的自主學習才是穩固其學習表現的基石。因此擬訂了「執行功能訓練策略的班級經營措施」，將執行功能訓練策略融入英語教學的班級經營中。

在研究介入期，研究者因學生學習過程中的回饋與反應而對原有的教學信念產生衝擊。包括對於課堂學習應著重在營造「快樂學習」的氣氛或學生「基本能力提升」的訓練。在評量目的上，應簡化評量難度而著重在「給予學生成功的學習經驗」或進行「具鑑別力的評量標準」提供親、師、生對於學習過程的評鑑。在學生的學習經驗上，應給予學生適度的「學習壓力」或零壓力的「學習樂趣」。

在研究評鑑期，研究者審視研究介入的資料，整理研究者在過程的改變與成長。而後，分析學生在執行功能表現與英語學習表現的變化，做為研究者評鑑教學內容的依據。

研究者在此歷程中，了解英語是學生學習重要的「一部分」。在訓練過程中應建立學生學習的方法與自主學習的習慣，並且適時給學生學習樂趣，依此提高學生的學習表現。同時，研究者也因此更懂得以科學的方法向別人說明自己的教學內容，也更了解行動研究的價值與影響。

學生在執行功能表現上， 雖然「青少年執行功能量表」的自評量化分數上，除了「啟始」向度外，其餘向度前後差異皆未達統計顯著。但由質性資料分析，學生主動積極性的行為有顯著地改變，平日學習能表現許多主動完成的行為。而組織能力是學生最先被培養訓練的能力，學生在上課進行中能習慣摘要上課重點、學會組織課堂重點的做筆記方法。而規劃能力訓練是學生的新奇體驗，學生從中習得做計劃的方法；並且學生學會冷靜處理衝突的技能，能自己主動地和平解決衝突問題。學生同時經驗了如何做計劃與完成計畫的活動；彈性地在不同的教學主題中轉換；保持良好的教室常規、抑制其衝動發言的行為；參與了解別人與自己特點的活動，也培養了檢查的技能。

學生在英語學習表現上，雖然剛開始學生因為沒有預期英語課程訓練作業與先前學習經驗不同，同時教師移除或減少環境的支持措施與提醒協助。因此，學生的英語成績表現呈現一度先持平或些微落後，而後又大步進步的趨勢。而組間表現分析，高、中能力組學生亦呈現與此整體表現相同的趨勢，低能力組學生則因補救教學、合作學習的支持而呈現緩步進步的趨勢。不僅在量化資料中顯示，高、中、低組學生皆能在此訓練中獲益。由家長與導師的反應中，亦表示學生英語學習的自主性提升。研究者課堂觀察也認為學生展現了自主負責的學習態度並且班級中產生了互助合作的學習氣氛。

In this study, action research is employed to document the processes, difficulties, and adaptive measures taken by researchers during the application of executive function training strategies for elementary school English courses. The researcher examines 28 students in the fourth grade of elementary school as targets of teaching intervention. Changes in executive function and English achievements are compared. Interviews, observations, records, and introspections are employed to examine the difficulties in the action research process and approaches by which to respond to these difficulties.

During the exploration stage of this research, the researcher observed that the students’ basic English abilities were low or declining. A series of measures were subsequently developed to enhance the English abilities of the students. First, the researcher acquired an understanding of the existing campus operational culture and then established a cooperation model with the class teacher. Afterward, written information was employed to communicate with students’ parents and establish a foundation of mutual trust.

During the planning stage for the action plan, the researcher asserted that the students’ spontaneous and autonomous learning was the foundation for stabilizing learning performances. Therefore, the “Class management measures for executive function training strategies” were formulated. This included the incorporation of executive function training strategies into the class management of English instruction.

During the intervention stage of this research, because of student feedback and responses duringthe learning process, the researcher’s originally held educational beliefs were influenced. This included whether classroom learning should focus on developing a “happy learning” atmosphere or training students for “enhancing basic abilities.” Regarding evaluation goals, whether the difficulty level of the evaluations should be simplified and emphasis placed on “providing students with successful learning experiences,” or “evaluation standards with discrimination power” should be conducted to provide assessments for parents, teachers, and students was contemplated. Regarding the learning experience of students, questions regarding whether appropriate “learning pressure” should be applied to the students or a zero-pressure “learning for fun” atmosphere should be developed were also addressed.

During the assessment stage of this research, the researcher reviewed the data from the research intervention. The change and growth of the researcher during the process was organized. Afterward, the developments of students’ executive function and English study performances were analyzed to form a basis for evaluating teaching content.

During this process, the researcher observed that English is a crucial element of students’ learning. During the training process, the learning methods and autonomous learning habits of students should be established. Fun during learning should also be provided to students at appropriate times to enhance their learning performance. At the same time, the researcher also became more capable of scientifically explaining personal teaching and instruction content to others, and has acquired a greater understanding of the value and influence of action research.

Regarding the executive function performance of students, although the quantified scores from the self-evaluated “Youth Executive Function Scale” show no statistically significant differences in all dimensions except “initiation” before and after the study, qualitative data analysis shows that the proactive behavior of students demonstrates significant change. Daily learning displays many actively or independently completed behaviors. The organizing ability of students was the first to be trained and cultivated. While attending classes, students could develop habits of summarizing the key points of each class and learned note-taking methods that organized key points. Training regarding planning ability was a novel experience for the students. The students were instructed on and learned methods for developing plans and they also learned skills for calmly resolving conflicts. They are able to actively and peacefully resolve conflict issues independently. The students also experienced activities on developing and completing plans; they flexibly changed between various education topics, maintained classroom order and norms, refrained from impulsive speaking behavior, joined activities for understanding the unique characteristics of others and themselves, and developed skills for inspection and examination.

Regarding students’ English learning performance, in the beginning of the study, students did not expect that the training in their English courses would be different from their previous learning experiences, and the teacher removed or reduced environmental support measures and reminder aid. Therefore, the students’ English achievement scores showed a steady or slightly decreasing trend before improving significantly. The performance analysis of different groups shows that the students in the high and medium ability groups exhibit a trend that is identical to the overall performance. The low ability group students progressed slowly because of the support from remedial teaching and cooperative learning. Not only does the quantified data show that students in high, middle, and low ability groups all benefited from this training, feedback from parents and class teachers also shows an increase in the autonomy of English learning for students. The classroom observations of the researcher show that the students demonstrated independent or autonomous and responsible learning attitudes, and generated a cooperative and helpful learning atmosphere in the class.