青春期自閉症者的友誼發展與變異歷程之敘說探究

Abstract

本研究在敘說探究的指導原則下，分別從三位就讀國中的輕度自閉症者，經長時期的直接晤談，蒐集其主觀敘說的友誼發展和變異事件，彙整成三個獨立的生命故事，再橫向比較三個主角或故事中的特點。研究結果主要發現： 1.友誼歷程的形態：研究中觀察到輕度自閉症者的友誼歷程的發展乃各具形貎，參與者之一在經歷一次友誼急劇轉折和對方惡言排拒後，即不再輕易嘗試發展新的友誼；另一參與者在第一次失去友誼後轉移目標，仍積極尋求友誼，歷經數次高、低潮；最後一位參與者則較被動的等待機會，期待同儕發出友善的目光，才敢開口要求做朋友，友誼的品質和穩定性都比較薄弱。 2.友誼的定義：輕度自閉症者應都已了解「朋友」和一般同儕不相同，但對友誼的看法和彼此互動行為，會依個體能力發展和對「朋友」的依賴程度而著重不同的層面，參與者中有重在彼此分享、了解、鼓勵者；有重在雙方共有的價值、規則和忠誠者；有重在對方願意分享物質或口頭問候等友善行為者。 3. 追求友誼的表現：青春期輕度自閉症者對追求友誼和趨近同儕，都表現了高度興趣，但也知覺到自己不受歡迎，而易感到孤單。選擇朋友的方式是覺察團體中對自己態度較友善者，會進一步趨近，想建立緊密的「朋友關係」，社會知覺能力佳者尤其明顯。亦會嘗試與異性同儕的往來，且會直接或請他人表達愛慕的心意，但欠缺交往的策略和行動，很難真的進行交往。通常對於班上的弱勢同儕，輕度自閉症者並沒有包容或想要結交的意圖，甚至有嚴重的批評。 最後，研究者潛思在研究歷程、資料分析中，不斷反芻的個人省思，並據以對國中特殊教育教師、國中班級導師、自閉症者之家長，提出協助青春期輕度自閉症者的具體建議，以供參考。

The purpose of this study was to investigate the personal experience about friendship on the adolescences with mild autistic syndrome, including Asperger or high-function autism syndrome. Under the guideline of Narrative Inquiry, and through long time face-to-face interview and observation, this study collected numerous subjective discourse data and then edited as three individualized life-stories about the development and change of friendship on three participants, with mild autistic syndrome, who was studying in junior high school. The major findings are as following: 1.The development and change of the three friendship stories：The three friendships developed and changed in quite different way and could be drawn as three kinds of curves to symbolizing the path. The first curve had only one peak which meant the first participant only had had one good friend and never tried to make another one after he refused him. The second curve had three peaks during four semesters and the last one still kept high. It represented the second participant sought new friend`s company when he lost one. The third curve looked like many ripples, because the third participant asked whoever gazed him to be his friend occasionally, but no friendly affection shared, nor real interaction occurred. 2.The definition of friendship: The three adolescence participants fully understood that a friend is not same as an ordinary peer, but each of they looked upon and depended on friends differently as well. The first participant cared about sharing, understanding, and encouraging etc., the second one relied on value, regulation, and royalty, and the third one enjoyed sharing objects, asking after. 3.The way for adolescences with mild autistic syndrome to find friends：All the three participants were fond of making friends and approaching peers, but felt lonely four not being popular with peers from time to time. They usually went to those kind peers and tried to develop close friendship. They were also interested in female peers, and would express adoration directly or indirectly. Lacking interaction stratages and action made they hard to make girlfriends after all. Meanwhile, those participants did not intend to make friends with other inferior peers in their class, two of them even criticized with no mercy. Along the researching processing, data analysis, lots of personal introspection occurred on the researcher. Therefore, some suggestions were presented accordingly at end of this paper.