優秀女子三級跳遠選手動作技術分析

Abstract

本研究主要目的分析女子三級跳遠選手的技術特徵進行運動學分析，探討各階段的技術特點及目標，為改善女子三級跳遠技術，提升訓練和教學效果的參考依據。以兩部每秒210、300張畫面的攝影機(CASIO)，拍攝九十八年全國大專院校運動會公開女子組三級跳遠決賽八位選手為受試者，以14個肢段、21個關節點的人體模型，實施二度空間的影片分析，所獲得的結論為：一、助跑最後階段，步幅大小無明顯變化節奏平穩，助跑速度與成績有高度相關，顯示助跑速度越快，成績越好。二、八名選手中，有五名選手採用第三跳大於第一跳距離的跳躍式技術，三名選手採用第一跳與第三跳距離比例小於2％的平衡式技術。三、單足跳與跨步跳階段之水平速度與成績達高度相關(P＜.01)，顯示前兩跳垂直速度並不是成績出現差異的因素，而是水平速度的大小是影響成績的成功關鍵。四、三級跳遠過程中，三跳階段的支撐時間呈現持續的增加，顯示水平速度隨著各個階段下降。五、三跳階段的平均著地與起跳之身體軀幹角度偏大(＞90°)，造成著地之水平距離長；起跳水平距離短，煞車力的增加因而影響整體三跳成績表現。六、三跳階段的平均起跳之膝關節角度偏小（＜170°），顯示選手在起跳時未充分蹬伸，顯出膝關節力量不足，容易造成水平速度的損失。This study conducted a kinematical analysis of the women triple jumpers and characteristics in each jump for provide a reference for training and teaching of women triple jump. Two cameras (CASIO) capable of capturing 210 and 300 Hz were used to record the motion of eight women triple jump athletes in the final game of 2009 National Intercollegiate Athletic Games. Based on the body model consisting of 14 limb segments and 21 joints, a two-dimensional analysis of the motion videos was performed. The main findings were as follows: (1) In the last few strides before takeoff, the players maintained the length and a steady tempo of their strides. Their approach velocity was highly related to their final performance. The faster the approach, the better the final performance. (2) Among the eight players, five adopted the jump style which the jump distance is larger than the hop distance, and three adopted the even-distance style which the distance difference between jump and hop is smaller than 2%. (3) The horizontal velocity in the hop and step stages was highly related to the final performance (P<.01), suggesting that in the first two stages, horizontal velocity is the key determinant of final performance, not vertical velocity. (4) An increase in support time was found among the three stages, indicating that horizontal velocity decreases stage after stage. (5) The mean takeoff angle was slightly large (>90°), causing a longer horizontal distance for landing and a shorter horizontal distance for takeoff. As a result, the stopping power would increase and affect the players’ final performance. (6) The mean knee angle was slightly small (<170°), meaning that the players did not have ineffective push-off during takeoff and their knee joint strength was not insufficient, which could easily result in a loss of their horizontal velocity.