認同政治與微物美學：中晚明文人茶文化研究

Abstract

中晚明為物質文化蓬勃發展之時代，兼之經濟、社會、政治、思想、工藝、文化等各層面觀念多元而相互碰撞，可觀察明代中期轉型到明末世變的社會文化變遷，所形成階級混融和舊有族群界線崩解之現象，其中階級碰撞下文人的認同衝擊與價值位移，應視為理解如此時空背景的重要切入點。中晚明文人面對處理如此狀態的策略一大重點為文人氣息濃厚之文化行為與物類書寫，透過此類行為確保文化話語權與詮釋權，其中茶事的重要性更是不容忽視：早在唐宋即被視為文人雅士必備技藝，又逢明太祖廢團貢之政治因素介入，導致製作工藝與司茶技術典範從根本發生變化，如何重構典範以掌握如此深入社會各階層日常又兼之文人氣息濃厚之文化符碼，並透過掌握詮釋茶事之話語權以強化鞏固自身的文化資本，蓬勃的茶事書寫正是此一複雜社會文化現象之重要時空切片。本文即由此入手，透過茶書、茶文學、茶畫和其他相關文獻等文本梳理，討論中晚明文人茶事之茶事空間與主客倫理、文人社群與地域認同、商業消費與品鑑秩序和身外長物與物我合一等背後複雜結構所反映之文化意義與社會心態。The late Ming era witnessed a flourishing development of material culture, coupled with diverse and intersecting concepts in various aspects such as economy, society, politics, ideology, craftsmanship, and culture. This period offers insights into the socio-cultural changes that occurred from the mid-Ming to the end of the Ming dynasty, marked by the blurring of class boundaries and the disintegration of established ethnic divisions. Within this context, the impact on the identity and values of literati resulting from class collisions should be regarded as a crucial point of entry for understanding this temporal and spatial background.A significant focus for literati in the late Ming was the strategy of exhibiting their cultural disposition and expressing it through material writings. Such behaviors ensured their authority in cultural discourse and interpretation. The importance of tea culture cannot be underestimated in this regard. Dating back to the Tang and Song dynasties, it was considered an essential skill for literati. The political factors surrounding Emperor Taizu's abolition of the imperial examination system further led to fundamental changes in the craftsmanship of tea production and the techniques of tea preparation. The reconstruction of these paradigms to encompass the rich cultural codes associated with different societal strata and the strong literati aura, along with asserting interpretative authority over tea-related matters, served to enhance and solidify their cultural capital. The vibrant writings on tea culture represent a pivotal temporal and spatial slice of this intricate socio-cultural phenomenon.This article takes its starting point from here and, through an examination of texts such as tea-related books, literature, paintings, and other relevant documents, delves into the cultural significance and societal mindset reflected in the complex structures underlying literati's engagement with tea culture during the late Ming. This exploration covers topics such as the spatial and ethical dimensions of tea ceremonies, literati communities and regional identities, commercial consumption andtasting protocols, and the integration of self with external objects.