「海洋強國」中共VS「海洋大國」日本--從「安全困境」理論加以探討

Abstract

本研究計劃案之目的，在於透過國際政治學之「安全困境」(security dilemma)理論，探討自1990年代中期開始，日中兩國在西太平洋海域逐漸明顯化的海權--包括開發與利用海洋資源之「海洋權利」(sea right/interest)，以及控制與使用海上運輸線(Sea Lines of Communication，SLOCs)之「海洋權力」(sea power) --競爭情形，具體的議題包括東海專屬經濟海域(Exclusive Economic Zone, EEZ)與大陸架劃界、釣魚台主權爭議、沖之鳥島(礁)能否主張200海里專屬經濟區問題、台海兩岸問題、南海與麻六甲海峽航行自由與安全問題。由於《聯合國海洋法公約》(United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas, UNCLOS)生效實施，隔海相望的中共與日本雙方各自提出發展成為「海洋強國」與「海洋大國」之海洋戰略，並衍生出前述議題所涵蓋的海洋資源開發與西太平洋海域制海權(sea control)爭奪之議題。日中雙方於2008年達成將東海化為「和平、合作、友好的海」之共識，卻因為2010年9月的釣魚台海域撞船事件而成為具文。其次，針對中共在關係到日本海上運輸線安全之南海議題的強硬態度，日本自2011年以降，與美國同調介入南海問題之態度逐漸明顯，而中共則將其解讀為，日本意圖聯合美國與東協在南海問題上與中共對抗，以增強在東海議題上與中共對抗之籌碼。

This proposal aims to study the growing competition in ocean power in the western Pacific Ocean between Japan and China since the mid-1990s; this power includes sea rights/interest to explore and use ocean resources and sea power to control and use the sea lines of communication. The research issues include the Chinese boundary in the East China Sea Exclusive Economic Zone, the Diaoyutai/Senkaku Islands disputes, Parece Vela’s claim on the exclusive economic zone within 200 nautical miles, cross-strait issues, and the freedom and safety of navigation in the South China Sea and Strait of Malacca. Due to the effectiveness of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas, China proposed a maritime strategy to be a maritime power, while Japan also proposed the strategy of a great maritime nation. Their maritime strategies have fostered debates on the aforementioned issues regarding maritime resource deployment as well as command of the sea in the western Pacific Ocean. In 2008, Japan and China reached a consensus to make the East China Sea an ocean of peace, cooperation, and friendship. However, in September 2010, the collision between Japanese coast guard vessels and a Chinese fishing boat near the disputed Diaoyutai Islands literally nullified this consensus. Furthermore, China took a hard-line position regarding Japan’s transportation in the South China Sea. Since 2011, it has become more apparent that Japan has allied with the United States regarding the issues of the South China Sea. China has interpreted the alliance as a way to confront China regarding the issues of the South China Sea with the United States and the ASEAN countries to enhance the bargaining power of Japan in dealing with China regarding the issues involving the East China Sea.