太平洋戰爭時期國民黨中宣部對美宣傳網絡與活動

Abstract

中國對日抗戰期間，國民黨在訓政體制下以黨領政，由中宣部全權負責對美宣傳工作。蔣中正透過中宣部副部長董顯光與國際宣傳處處長曾虛白，建構橫跨太平洋兩岸，包含黨政職員與民間人士，中美共同參與之宣傳網絡。該網絡中不僅有中宣部領軍之國際廣播電臺與中央通訊社等單位，更在美國由中宣部駐美代表夏晉麟與于斌、林語堂等人合作，發行《戰時中國》雜誌，精心建構對美宣傳網絡。中宣部再以畢範宇、畢範理、亨利．魯斯為中介，接洽美國《時代》媒體集團與聯合援華會為中國造勢。中宣部對美宣傳模式，最初頗見成效，但到太平洋戰爭後期，先後遇上美國記者白修德採訪河南大饑荒、中外記者團參訪延安中共根據地等事件，他們的負面報導，戳破國民政府刻意宣傳的良好形象，亦顯示中宣部宣傳工作的失效。國民政府試圖透過對美宣傳網絡，傳達其在抗戰建國過程中的軍事戰績與民主成就，在美國輿論中渲染一幅美好的中國形象，進而由下而上影響美國政府之決策。隨著珍珠港事件後中美兩國成為盟友，中宣部對美宣傳工作之目標從拉攏美國對日作戰，轉而推動美軍採納以亞洲戰場優先於歐洲之戰略，並爭取更多的援華軍事與經濟資源。太平洋戰爭初期，中宣部成功透過在美之宣傳活動，動員美國記者、媒體與民間團體，對美國政府形成輿論壓力以推動利於中國之法案。在太平洋戰爭後期，國民政府卻因為內政外交之失措、軍事與經濟上的挫折、宣傳與實際之間的落差，相繼失去美國軍方、政府與民間的信賴與支持。During Second Sino-Japanese War, Kuomintang led the government by party under political tutelage system, Ministry of Information organized propaganda work toward the United States. Chiang Kai-shek constructed the propaganda networks across the Pacific by Hollington Tong, the Deputy Minister of Information and Tseng Hsu-pai, the director of International Propaganda Branch. These Networks were joint by both Chinese and American, included members from the party, the government and society groups. There’re not only units which were guide by Ministry of Information like Voice of China and Central News Agency, but also cooperate with Cardinal Paul Yü Pin and philosopher Lin Yutang by it’s representative in New York, Dr. Hsia Ching-lin, they pubished magazine China at War and builded a complex relationship. With Francis and Harry Price, Henry Luce as the bridge to contact TIME Inc. and United China Relief, the Ministry of Information could influence public opinion. Theodore White interviewed on the Great Famine in Henan at 1943, and foreign press corps visited Yenan at 1944, their reports discredited the image of Nationalist Government in the process of Pacific War.The Nationalist government tried to use this network to publicize its military and democratic achievements in the process of building the nation during the war, so as to play up a good image of China in American public opinion, and then influence the decision-making of the American government from the bottom up. As China and the U.S. became allies after the Attack of Pearl Harbor, the goal of Ministry of Information's propaganda work toward the U.S., changed from wooing the U.S. to fight against Japan, to promoting the U.S. military’s strategy of prioritizing the Asia battlefield over Europe, and seeking more millitary and economic aid to China. In the early days of the Pacific War, Ministry of Information successfully mobilized American journalists, media, and civil society groups through its propaganda activities in the United States, creating public opinion pressure on the U.S. government, to promote bills that benefit China. In the latter part of the Pacific War, the Nationalist government lost the trust and support of the US military, government and civilians one after another, because of domestic and foreign missteps, military and economic setbacks, and the gap between propaganda and reality.