交通、人流、物流－日月潭水力發電工程對於水里地區的影響（1919-1945）

Abstract

日月潭水力發電工程從1919年開始建設，期間經歷停工又復工，前後共花費15 年之久，終於在1934年竣工。完工後為亞洲最大水力發電設，對於臺灣電力發展具有重大意義，對工程所在地「水里地區」更有多方面的影響。本文分三個主要議題：交通、人流、物流，加以探討。 在交通方面：1919年工程初期，為了更有效運輸建材與物資，臺灣電力株式會社建立多樣的運輸系統：包含二水到外車埕的鐵道（今集集線鐵道）；連接水社到司馬按、東埔（今埔里鎮水頭里）地區的電氣軌道；因應地勢高低若差的外車埕到水社與東埔到武界的兩條索道，另外也利用臺灣製糖株式會社的輕便軌道運送物資到魚池，再改由電氣軌道轉運；人員則以步行方式從東埔抵達到武界工區。之後使水里地區進入現代化的交通模式，帶動人口與物產的運輸。 在「人流」方面：工程帶來的人流有兩類，水庫移民與勞工的進入。1934年工程竣工後日月潭水位開始上升，影響生活在日月潭周邊的邵族人與漢人，臺灣總督府將邵族人安置於卜吉（今伊達邵），並禁止與漢人混居；另又將漢人遷移到田中、拔社埔（今水里鄉民和村）、埔里等地。日月潭水力發電工程龐大，需要許多人力來完成，承包商招攬眾多勞工，卻也延伸出生活環境與待遇不佳的問題。另外臺灣電力株式會社也為員工建立宿舍區形成社宅聚落，並將宗教信仰帶入其中。 大量人口進入工區，帶動地方的商業發展，在交通不便的沿山地區，商業模式主要以旅館業與運送業為主，使小運送業蓬勃發展。而水里地區的物產：樟腦、香蕉、木材、糖，主要藉由當年因日月潭發電工程所建立的集集線鐵道，向外運送出去，帶動了「物流」。另外登新高山者與前往日月潭觀光客，都必須乘坐集集線鐵道抵達水裡坑，再轉搭其他交通工具前往目的地；使水裡坑成為重要的轉運站。 日月潭水力發電工程對於水里地區的影響，除了日月潭水位上升造成的「水庫移民」，主要為1919年所建設的交通－集集線鐵道，帶動「人流」、「物流」與商業發展；日月潭第一與第二發電所設置在水裡坑，再加上其地理位置為重要轉運點，使水裡坑1942年被納入都市計畫範圍，戰後發展興盛，並從集集行政區獨立出來成立水里鄉，這可說是日月潭水力發電工程對水里的直接與間接影響。Sun Moon Lake Hydroelectric Power Plant construction work began in 1919, once halted and resumed, spending 15 years to complete and becoming the biggest hydroelectric power plant in Asia at that time. It was significant to Taiwan electricity development and had impacts on the area, Shuili, in multiple ways. There are three parts in this research: transportation, migration and the local products transportation. In the transportation part: at the beginning of the construction work in 1919, in order to transport building materials and supplies efficiently, the Taiwan Power Company developed a multi-transportation system: a railway line from Ershui to Waichecheng (today’s Jiji Line), an electric tramway from Shuishe to Sima’an and Dongpu area (today’s Shueitou Li, Puli Township), two cableways that connected Waichecheng to Shuishe and Dongpu to Wujie, which had different heights. The push car railway built by Taiwan Sugar Company was also used to carry materials to Yuchi and then transferred by the electric tramway. The personnel walked from Dongpu to the working area, Wujie. Thus, Shuili area developed the modern transportation technologies that boosted the population and transportation of products. In the migration part: this construction brought two kinds of people into the area: reservoir immigrants who were relocated forcefully and permanently by the government and workers who moved into the area temporarily. In 1934, after the construction was finished, the rise of the Sun Moon Lake ’s water level affected the Thao Aborigines and the Han Chinese who lived around Sun Moon Lake. The Taiwan Governor General’s Office relocated the Thao Aborigines in Buji (today’s Yidashao) and prohibited them to live with the Han Chinese. The government also moved the Han Chinese to Tianzhong, Bashepu (today’s Minghe village, Shuili Township) and Puli. The huge Sun Moon Lake Hydroelectric Power Plant construction needed large amount of labour. The recruitment of the labour by the contractors also caused problems of the poor living environment and salaries. On the other hand, the Taiwan Power Company built the employee’s dormitories, which gradually formed as a community, and brought the Japanese religion into it. Large population that entered the working area drove the local commercial development. In the inconvenient mountain areas, the hotel and the local products transportation were the main businesses. The local products of Shuili, camphor, bananas, timber and sugar, were conveyed to other places by the Jiji Line, which was built for the Sun Moon Lake Hydroelectric Power Plant construction. Besides, Mt. Niitaka (today’s Yushan) hikers and tourists of Sun Moon Lake needed to take Jiji Line to Shuili and then transferred there to their destinations. This made Shuili an important transfer point. The influences of the Sun Moon Lake Hydroelectric Power Plant construction had on Shuili area included the reservoir immigrants resulted by the rise of the water level of Sun Moon Lake, and the transportation system built in 1919. The Jiji Line brought the short-term and long-term migrants, businessmen and tourists, and drove the transportation of the local products and the commercial development. Sun Moon Lake First Power Plant and the Second Power Plant were set in Shuili, plus the location made it an important transfer point, Shuili was a part of the Urban Planning of 1942, which made it flourish in the post-war period and became an independent Township from Jiji Administrative Area. This is the direct and indirect influences from Sun Moon Lake Hydroelectric Power Plant.