民眾對基因改造生物議題的理解及其與永續發展目標的關聯

Abstract

科技的發展與創新占據人類社會進步中重要的一席之地，而在生命科學中，生物的遺傳物質一直是熱門的科學議題，隨著時間發展與技術成熟，以基因工程為基礎的基因改造生物誕生，相關技術成熟發展，不同功能的GMO相繼開發與應用，引起相關議題討論。GMO議題同時具有爭議性以及複雜性兩項特色，漸漸成為長期存在的社會性科學議題。目前，GMO已在農業、醫療、食品等三種等領域廣泛應用，具有跨領域特色，人們也逐漸發現，GMO從一開始的環境問題，逐漸擴及到社會與經濟層面，為永續發展帶來全面性的影響。在2015年，聯合國永續發展目標公布，為世界朝向永續的未來提供具體目標，GMO作為為永續發展帶來重大影響的議題，亦可以SDGs為框架，以科學的角度分析民眾認為GMO為SDGs帶來的影響。本研究以問卷調查的方式探討民眾對基因改造生物的看法、民眾為購買到非基因改造產品之願付價格，與民眾認為基因改造生物與永續發展目標之間的關聯，並計算民眾為了避免購買到GMO產品，以及可以購買有機產品的願付價格比例，最後以訪談的方式，深入了解不同利害關係人對GMO的真實看法。問卷分析的結果發現，民眾對GMO的看法會受到知識、態度、行動以及部分人口學變項影響，女性對GMO的態度較男性負面，大學主修為生命科學領域的民眾對GMO有較高的正面觀感，年齡越小的民眾對GMO的態度越正面，但居住在鄉村或是都市並不影響民眾對GMO的態度。而在SDGs的結果分析中發現，民眾普遍對GMO抱持正面觀感，其中，民眾認為GMO對SDG 2消除飢餓、SDG 1消除貧窮、SDG 9產業創新與基礎設施最具有正面影響，而SDG 15路與生命、SDG 14水下生命、SDG 12負責任的消費與生產則最會帶來負面影響；在調查民眾為購買到非基改產品願付價格發現，願意額外付出的金額普遍偏集中在1%~30%，加權計算後得到民眾平均願意額外付出25.4%購買非GMO產品，以及額外付出30.12%的價格購買有機產品，相較於非GMO產品，民眾更在意有機產品的價值。最後，本研究以訪談法來詢問不同利害關係人對GMO的看法，生命科學領域的受訪者對GMO抱有正面觀感，環保團體的受訪者則相反，農業從業人員認為，在減少一般農民種植的成本下，農民會使用GMO作物，儘管不同領域的利害關係人對GMO有不同的看法，但皆認同GMO會對永續發展帶來重大影響。

The development and innovation of science and technology occupy an important place in the progress of human society. In the life sciences, the genetic material of organisms has always been a hot scientific topic. With the development of time and the maturity of technology, genetically modified organisms based on genetic engineering were born. Related technologies have matured and developed, and GMOs with different functions have been developed and applied one after another, causing discussions on related topics. GMO issues are controversial and complex and is a long-standing social science issue. At present, GMO has been widely used in agriculture, medical treatment, food and other fields, with cross-domain characteristics, and people have gradually discovered that the environmental problems of GMO from the beginning have gradually expanded to the social and economic levels. In 2015, the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals were announced, providing specific goals for the world to move towards a sustainable future. GMO as a topic that has a significant impact on sustainable development, can use SDGs frame Analyze the public’s perception of the impact of GMO on SDGs. This study uses a questionnaire survey to explore the public’s views on genetically modified organisms, the price paid by the public for non-genetically modified products, and the public’s perception of the relationship between genetically modified organisms and sustainable development goals. Calculation willingness to pay (WTP) for the purchase of GMO products. Finally, through interviews, we have an in-depth understanding of the true views of different stakeholders on GMO.The results of the questionnaire analysis found that people’s perceptions of GMO are affected by knowledge, attitudes, actions and some personal background variables. Women’s attitudes towards GMO are negative compared to men. People who majored in life sciences at university have a higher attitude towards GMO. The younger the public, the more positive the attitudetowards GMO. Living in a rural or urban area does not affect people’s attitude towards GMO. In the analysis of SDGs results, people mostly hold a positive view of GMO. From the analysis of the public’s perception of the impact of GMO on the goal of sustainable development, it is found that the public generally hold a positive view of GMO. Among them, the public believes that GMO has the most positive impact on SDG 2, SDG 1, SDG 9. Believes that GMO has the most negative impacts SDG 15, SDG 14, and SDG 12.We analyzed the surveyed people are willing to pay for the purchase of non-GMO products, it is found that the amount of additional payment is generally low, people are willing to pay the price for purchasing non-genetically modified products between 1% and 30%.After Weighted calculation, the public is average willing to pay an extra 25.4% for non-GMO products and an extra 30.12% for organic products.Finally, this study uses interviews to ask different stakeholders about their views on GMO. Those in the field of life sciences have a positive view of GMO, while the alternatives of environmental groups are on the contrary. The agricultural practitioners believe that they are reducing the amount of farmers planting. Under the cost, farmers will use GMO crops. Although stakeholders in different fields have different views on GMO, they all agree with GMO and sustainable development will bring a significant impact.