台北縣完全中學運動代表隊訓組運作與選手需求之研究

Abstract

完全中學六年一貫，學生組成包含國中及高中，正是涵蓋了選手培訓從基礎到成才的階段。本研究主要是調查台北縣立完全中學運動代表隊1077名選手對組訓的需求，並藉由調查各隊總教練對代表隊運作的實施現況，比較兩者間是否有符合。調查以自編之台北縣立完全中學運動代表隊「組訓運作現況」及「選手對組訓需求」調查問卷作為研究工具，其中有效回收問卷分別為總教練47份、96隊次（88.89%），選手705份（72.16 %），所得結果彚整如下： 一、選手不同背景對運動代表隊組訓之需求構面達差異者 （一）男性選手對於「升學與發展需求」高於女性。 （二）高中選手對於「獎勵需求」、「場地器材設施需求」、「經費需求」、「升學與發展需求」、「全方對於面訓練內容安排需求」、「全部需求」高於國中；而國中選手在「統一管理需求」上認同程度高於高中。 （三）體育班選手對於「獎勵需求」、「場地器材設施需求」、「經費需求」高於非體育班；而非體育班選手在「統一管理需求」上認同程度高於體育班。 （四）不同運動項目選手對於運動代表隊組訓各構面需求之認同皆達顯著性差異。 （五）縣市級選手對於「場地器材設施需求」、「各界支持與溝通需求」、「全部需求」高於甄試級；而甄審、縣市級選手在「心理諮商與運動傷害防護需求」上認同程度高於甄試級。 （六）每週不同訓練時數選手對於運動代表隊組訓需求構面之認同情形，除「統一管理 需求」未達顯著性差異外，其他各構面需求皆達顯著性差異，並隨著每週訓練時數的增加成正相關。

二、組訓訓作現況與選手對運動代表隊組訓之需求相互比較 台北縣立完全中學目前平均一所學校有運動代表隊8.31隊、82.85位選手，以田徑、跆拳道項目人數最多。其中選手對組訓運作需求各因素項目排序前五名依序為：提供選手訓練時之運動傷害醫療防護器材、提供專長項目訓練設備與器材、提供訓練場地、獲得甄審、甄試資格、以記功嘉獎獎勵優秀選手；對各構面需求依序為：獎勵需求、場地器材設施需求、心理諮商與運動傷害防護需求、各界支持與溝通需求、經費需求、教練指導需求、升學與發展需求、全方面訓練內容安排需求、課業需求、統一管理需求。 （一）較符合選手需求之運作現況： 「獎勵」需求中，教練部份以依台北縣教育人員獎勵辦法敘獎、選手部份以依校 規記功為大多數。「經費」需求中，台北縣政府及學校提供代表隊主要的經費來源。「教練指導」需求中，平均12.10名選手就有一位教練指導。「升學與發展」需求中，受調查的選手有47.09﹪的選手已具甄審、甄試資格，而代表隊發展上47.36﹪國中選手可成為己學校高中代表隊的成員。「全方面訓練內容安排」需求中，訓練時間皆以每週3-5天且每次2- 4小時-為最多，技術、體能及心理層面是為最主要訓練內容，其中僅少數隊伍沒有特別擬定訓練計劃、進行寒暑假集訓。「課業」是倒數第二位的需求構面，而目前代表隊的實施現況亦無安排課業輔導居多，雖然符合選手的需求，但與許多專學者呼籲的相反，值得注意。 （二）較不符合選手需求之運作現況： 「心理諮商與運動傷害防護」需求上絕大部分還是由總教練本人或健康中心護士負 責，而僅有38.30%為選手投保意外險，在目前防護器具缺乏的狀況下實在不足為選手提供保障。而在「場地器材設施」需求上仍有68.09%的總教練認為消耗性器材數量不足夠、22.91%的隊伍仍需借用其他公家機關或民眾私人場地，也是尚待努力的方向。

The six-year junior-and-senior high school insists of integration sessions from fundamental to advance athletic coaching. This study focused on investigations and comparisons between the needs of 1077 junior-and-senior high school athletes in Taipei County and the training affairs of their coaches. Two surveys in terms of training and athlete's needs were used. The rates of survey received were 88.89% (N=47) and 72.16% (N=705) for head coaches and athletes, respectively. It was found that the athlete’s need was differed by several backgrounds within the athletes:1. The needs of male athletes for higher educational demands and future development were higher than that of female athletes. 2. The needs of senior high school athletes for rewards, equipments and facilities, budgets, educational developments, integration of training sessions, and overall demands, were higher than that of junior high school athletes. 3. The needs of athlete-students for rewards, equipments and facilities, and budgets were higher than that of non-athlete students. 4. Different sport events all showed significant differences in terms of training and athletic demands of high school varsity team. 5. The needs of the County and City athletes for equipments and facilities , public supports and communicational demands , overall demands , were higher than that of the ones who have the opportunities of sport evaluation to enter higher education with written tests ; the needs of the County and City athletes and the ones who have the opportunities of sport evaluation to enter higher education without written tests for mental consulting and injury caring were higher than that of the athletes who have the opportunities of sport evaluation to enter higher education with written tests . 6. The needs of the athletes who have different training hours every week for athlete’s needs showed significant differences .

As to the comparison of recent organizational training and the demands of varsity team, the result showed that the averaged numbers of varsity teams and athletes in one junior-and-senior high school were 8.31 and 82.85, respectively. There were more track-and-field and Taekwudao athletes among high schools. The first five demand factors in terms of training were the availabilities of sport medical equipment and first-aid sources, the provisions of specific sport equipment and facility, the provision of training environment, and the opportunities of sport evaluation to enter higher education. On the other hand, athletes tended to have higher satisfactions in terms of needs on rewards, equipments and facilities, consulting and athletic training demands, public supports and communicational demands, budgets, instructions from coaches, higher educational and future developments, overall training plans, school advising, and united management.

Several factors in terms of coaches and athletes with higher satisfactory were “rewarded by Taipei County Educational Rewards” and “rewarded by school”, respectively. The primary budget was offered by Taipei County Government and the self schools. The averaged numbers of athletes was 12.10 for per coach. More than 47.10% athletes were gained the opportunities for the evaluation of higher education. Most of senior high school athletes were come from their own school. High school athletes preferred training 2-4 hours a day and 3-5 days a week. Training factors were frequently used in terms of skills, physical conditions, and mental trainings. Only few varsity teams lacked of training plans or off-season trainings. Academic performance was the second to the last in terms of athlete demands. On the other hand, the factors highly insufficient thought by athletes were mental consulting and injury caring. Most head coaches and nurses in health centers are responsible for such needs. Only 38.30% athletes were insured prior to sport events. Due to the lack of sport pads and equipments, it is scarcely to provide sufficient protections for high school athletes. More than 68.09% of coaches thought that the disposal materials are severely needed. Besides, up to 22.91% of high school teams have to use other governmental services or private sport facilities. We have to work on those areas in order to provide a better environment for high school athletes.