八週跑步訓練結合血流限制對男運動員心肺與肌肉適能之影響

Abstract

目的：本研究目的在探討8週、每週3天的跑步訓練結合血流限制對運動員心肺與肌肉適能的影響。方法：招募20名男性運動員，依據最大攝氧量配對分組到：(1) 跑步訓練結合血流限制組 (RT-BFR, n=10)、(2) 跑步訓練組 (RT, n=10)。兩組皆以50%HRR的相對速度，進行3分鐘跑步訓練、5組、組間休息1分鐘，但RT-BFR額外進行大腿加壓，加壓程度為手臂收縮血壓x 1.3倍。所有受試者在8週訓練前、後與2週停止訓練後，評估最大攝氧量、運動力竭時間，膝屈肌與膝伸肌等速肌力與肌耐力表現。另外，第1週第1次與第8週最後1次訓練的訓練前、訓練後15分鐘與24小時，採血分析血液生化指標 (睪固酮與皮質醇)。統計方法，8週跑步訓練效果，採單因子共變數分析。保留效果，以2週停止訓練改變量 (Δ%)，進行獨立樣本t檢定分析。血液生化指標以二因子共變數分析。結果：(1) 8週訓練效果；RT-BFR的最大攝氧量顯著高於RT (67.41 vs. 59.54 ml/kg/min, p< .05)。RT-BFR的運動力竭時間高於RT (16.4 vs. 15.0分鐘, p < .05)。RT-BFR的膝伸肌等速肌力 (60º/s, 2.61 vs. 2.39 Nm/kg; 180º/s, 1.88 vs. 1.67 Nm/kg) 與肌耐力表現，皆與RT達顯著差異 (p < .05)。但是兩組之間的膝屈肌等速肌力、肌耐力、膝屈肌與膝伸肌最大力矩比值 (H/Q ratio)、疲勞指標與血液生化指標，皆無顯著差異 (p > .05)。(2) 保留效果；RT-BFR與RT的2週停止訓練改變量，在最大攝氧量、運動力竭時間、膝伸肌與膝屈肌等速肌力、肌耐力、H/Q ratio與疲勞指標，皆無顯著差異 (p > .05)。但RT-BFR的H/Q ratio從0.75下降至0.69，減少訓練帶來的腿後肌保護效果。結論：8週跑步訓練結合血流限制提升最大攝氧量 (5.1%)、運動力竭時間 (6.6%)、膝伸肌等速肌力 (15.9~17.4%) 與肌耐力 (9.5%) 表現，並維持良好的下肢肌力平衡 (H/Q ratio, 0.60~0.75)。即使2週停止訓練，仍能保持較佳的心肺與肌肉適能狀態。建議未來可應用在長跑與鐵人三項等運動員訓練上，以增加其訓練多元性，並促進競技運動表現。

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of 8 week (3 days/week) running training combined with blood flow restriction on cardiopulmonary and muscular fitness on athletes. Methods: Twenty male athletes were recruited and pair matched into (1) running with thigh blood flow restriction group (RT-BFR, n=10), or (2) running training only group (RT, n=10). All subjects in both groups performed five sets of 3-min running training at the relative speed of 50%HRR with a 1-min rest between sets. RE-BFR group performed running sessions with pressure cuff belts. The occlusion pressure was 1.3x resting systolic blood pressure. VO2max, all out time (AOT), isokinetic knee extensor, flexor strength and endurance were assessed before, after 8 weeks of training and after 2 weeks of detraining. Testosterone and cortisol were assessed at the first and last (24th) training session. One-way ANOCVA was used to evaluate the training effects. Independent-sample t test was used to evaluate the retain effects on the variation (Δ%) of detraining. Two-way ANOCVA was used to evaluate the testosterone and cortisol. Results: (1) training effects; RT-BFR elicited significantly greater increase in VO2max performance than RT (67.41 vs. 59.54 ml/kg/min, p< .05). AOT also significantly increased in RT-BFR than in RT (16.4 vs. 15.0 mins, p < .05). There were significant (p < .05) differences between RE-BFR and RE in isokinetic knee extensor strength (60º/s, 2.61 vs. 2.39 Nm/kg; 180º/s, 1.88 vs. 1.67 Nm/kg) and endurance, but not in knee flexor strength, endurance, hamstring/quadriceps (H/Q) ratio, fatigue index, testosterone and cortisol (p > .05). (2) retain effects; there were no differences (p > .05) between groups in VO2max, AOT, isokinetic knee extensor, flexor strength, endurance, H/Q ratio and fatigue index. However, the RT-BFR decreased in H/Q ratio from 0.75 to 0.69, which may alleviate the training induced injury protect effect in hamstring. Conclusion: The findings suggest that 8 weeks of RT-BFR elicits greater increase in VO2max (5.1%), AOT (6.6%), knee extensor strength (15.9~17.4%), endurance (9.5%) performance and strength balance (H/Q ratio, 0.60~0.75). Furthermore, the RT-BFR was still outstanding in cardiopulmonary and muscular fitness after 2 weeks of detraining, which may be considered as a practical training strategy for long-distance or triathlon athletes.