族群關係與孫吳政權的成立

Abstract

孫吳政權由富春豪強孫堅發跡，孫堅子孫策創建，再由孫策弟孫權確立。孫吳為六朝政權之首， 魏晉南北朝南方政權之始， 其特殊的歷史地位，不言可喻。學界關於孫吳政權的研究，主要聚焦於孫吳政權的性格，以及孫吳政權內部各派系的權力關係，鮮少從族群關係演變的角度來探討孫吳政權的成立問題。本文即試圖沿著孫氏勢力在江南的發展歷程，分析孫氏建國的基本武力，考察當時江南各族群勢力的關係演變，由此來探討孫吳政權的成立問題，或許對原本地方根基薄弱的孫氏，如何能夠在江南立國，會有更深一層的認識。孫吳政權以淮泗集團為核心，其立足江東，難免要與江南各種勢力展開結盟或敵對關係，其中山越土著敵對態勢最為強烈，又常被外部勢力策動，充當內應，因而始終與孫吳政權處在敵對的狀態。江東大族起初也是站在孫吳政權的對立面，但為自身生存與家族發展，不得不由敵對、旁視而妥協，況且在族類歸屬上，相對於帶有濃厚異族色彩的山越，江北淮泗士人與江東大族同受儒學，文化傳統上同聲共氣，而江東大族與山越土著之間，長期在地方上有利害關係之矛盾衝突，在種種因素的加乘之下，以淮泗集團為核心的孫吳政權，乃採取結合江東大族打擊山越土著的策略，孫吳政權依此擴大其基層統治，並補充兵源與戶口，所謂「彊者為兵，羸者補戶」，而江東大族也因討伐山越，更加穩固其地方的實力與利益，遷官封侯，甚至逐漸進入權力核心，這種以淮泗集團結合江東大族打擊山越的族群政治格局，終孫權之世未有重大的變動。

The Wu State (222-280), also known as the Sun-Wu regime, wasfounded by Sun Quan (182-252), after his father Sun Jian (155-191) and hisbrother Sun Ce (175-200) had helped to lay its foundations. The regime ishistorically significant not only because it is the first of the Six Dynasties(222-589), but also because it contributed to the formation Northern andSouthern Dynasties (420-589). Previous research on the Sun-Wu regime hasfocused mainly on its more notable characteristics and its dynastic powerstruggles. By contrast, little attention has been paid to the critical role byminor ethnic groups located both within and without the regime. This paperexamines how ethnic groups, known collectively as the Shanyue, helped toshape to formation of the Sun-Wu regime. It also looks at how the rulers ofthe Sun-Wu regime played the Shanyue and the Huai Si Group against oneanother as a way of consolidating their hold on power