海洋書寫中的海洋觀點形塑：以異托邦概念探討

Abstract

台灣最近期一次的海洋文化、海洋文學「復興運動」至今已二十餘年，今天的台灣究竟擁有什麼樣的海洋文化？在何種面向仍有不足？本研究藉由傅柯（Michel Foucault）的異托邦（Heterotopia）概念，爬梳台灣出版市場中國內外的海洋文學文本（包含小說、散文、科普、社普、報導），以此為材料找出海洋環境與人類的交互作用。由於異托邦是人類生活區域中的特殊空間，具有不易進入、與主流空間不同等特質，但此空間對人類而言具有特殊意義，人類可能因為進出其中而產生不同的認知，因此本研究將海洋視為人類社會的異托邦，並參考異托邦的六項原則做出分析主軸。

本研究認為，當海洋成為人類社會的異托邦，對人類社會發揮的影響主要有三：促進人類認知領域發展、產生變動的意義、形塑人類的認同與自覺。以此軸線透過內容分析找出三大主軸下數個文本所涉及之海洋元素，再以論述分析探討相關元素如何於作品中呈現，並輔以書評、讀者訪談擴充文本之社會意義。最後於眾文本中，發覺海洋觀點在社會中可能呈現之樣貌包含：各式探索與紀錄之技術，以及隨之而生的科學、產業之累積。亦包含人類基於海洋不同的了解，所產生的各式想法與行動，在內心層面有恐懼、征服與欣賞；物質層面則有利用與破壞。海洋也促成個人的自我認同、對生活地區的認同，以及所屬人類群體的自覺。本研究的文本選擇大致反映了台灣近年海洋書寫的產出狀態，純文學仍偏少，科學主題仰賴翻譯，但文史社會類書籍較優勢。

This research used the concept “Heterotopia” proposed by Michel Foucault to explore marine literature include fiction, prose, popular science, and reporter. Try to find the interaction between human and ocean. Heterotopia means some kind of special space in human society. Those spaces are different with mainstream spaces and have some trait such as hard to get into. However, those spaces contain special meaning for human. Human can get different cognition through into those spaces. This research view ocean as kind of Heterotopia which influences human in three ways, “promote human’s cognition, from changing meaning for human and form human’s identity and conscious.”

Through content analysis, researcher tried to find the ocean related element under these three spindles. Then researcher use discourse analysis tried to explore how selected text represents those elements. After those processes, researcher found out how the ocean culture may present through many text, included numerous technology used in survey and record, accompany by the science and industry knowledge. Also, included numerous idea and action, performs as fear, conquest and yearn in psyche dimension, performs as utilize and destroy in substance dimension, emerged with different understanding about ocean. Ocean also promotes personal identity, local identity and human being’s awareness. The text choicen in this research reflex the publish condition of ocean writings in Taiwan. Pure literature still few and popular science writing rely on translation, while history and culture writing is more dominant.