《偵查不公開作業辦法》(2019)與犯罪報導實務之衝突研究

Abstract

新聞是國民取得資訊及參與公共社會議題之主要管道，媒體報導犯罪事件同時保障大眾知的權利，卻衍生違反偵查不公開、侵害無罪推定原則及媒體公審問題。偵查不公開作業辦法修正後2019年6月15日正式上路，修正幅度是歷來最大，明訂偵查中刑案得適度公開、絕對不得公開相關細節，期盼能改善偵查資訊外洩造成的社會不良影響。新法甫行，媒體因新聞消息來源、犯罪報導採訪模式及內容的大幅限縮受到巨大衝擊，而警察機關身為受理刑事案件第一線執法單位，對於犯罪資訊提供，相較檢察、調查機關及法院也產生諸多操作上的難處。警察機關與新聞媒體在偵查不公開作業辦法2019年修正上路後，歷經數年磨合，為了解在「新聞自律」、「無罪推定及人權保障」、「媒體公審」問題是否有所改善。本研究透過半結構式訪談媒體人員、司法警察共9名，分析雙方觀點並提出建議。研究結果指出三點：第一，受訪人員普遍認為新聞媒體自律及他律使得整體犯罪報導在保障人權及嫌疑人隱私之維護上，已朝更文明方向發展；第二，隨著社群媒體的蓬勃發展，傳統媒體與受眾正在發生變化，大眾傳播與人際傳播呈現一體化，科技時代人人都可透過自主媒體將個人意見及資訊進行公眾傳播，然而社群媒體不受編輯監督或正規新聞製作程序支配，對無罪推定及偵查不公開原則，已產生不亞於新聞媒體的負面影響；第三，在他律部分，新聞媒體雖無統一主管機關，但《自殺防治法》、《性騷擾防治法》、《兒童及少年福利與權益保障法》等可能導致新聞媒體被開罰的相關法規，以及民間團體的監督檢舉，因可能影響媒體名譽，進而導致廣告收益流失，同樣對新聞報導之內容產生約束力。News is the main channel for citizens to obtain information and participate in public social issues. The media reports on criminal incidents while protecting the public's right to know, but it violates the principle of non-disclosure of investigations and the principle of presumption of innocence and causes media public trials. After the revision of the investigation non-disclosure operation method, it will officially implement on June 15, 2019. The range of revision is the largest in history. It is clearly stipulated that the criminal cases in the investigation should be disclosed appropriately, and the relevant details must not be disclosed. It is hoped thatthe unhealthy tendency in society caused by the leakage of investigation information can be improved. As soon as the new law came into effect, criticisms occurred due to the limitation of news sources. Furthermore, the mode and content of crime reports and interviews were greatly impacted. As an auxiliary agency for investigations with the largest number of front-line law enforcement officers, compared with the prosecutor, the investigator and the court the police agency has more operational difficulties to provide crime informationThe police and the news media have been working on adjustments between both sides for several years after the revision of the undisclosed operation method for investigation in 2019.

In order to understand whether there has been any improvement in the issues of "self-discipline of the press", "presumption of innocence and human rights protection", and "public trial by the media". This study aims to analyze the views of both sides and propose suggestions through semi-structured interviews with9 members of the media and judicial police.The research results reveal three points: First, with the vigorous development of social media, traditional media and audiences are changing. Mass communication and interpersonal communication are integrated. The interviewees generally believe that the self-discipline and heteronomy of the news media make the overall crime report in terms of protecting human rights and maintaining the privacy of suspects more civilized development; Second, in the technology era, everyone can disseminate personal opinions and information to the public through independent media.However, social media is not supervised by editorsor dominated by regular news composition procedures, it has caused negative impacts not less than the news media on the presumption of innocence and the principle of non-disclosure of investigations.Last, in terms of heteronomy, there is no competent authority for news media. However,"Suicide Prevention Law", "Sexual Harassment Prevention Law", "Children and Youth Welfare and Rights Protection Law" and other relevant laws and the supervision and reporting by non-governmental organizations have binding force on the news contents with the possibility of fines and loss of advertising revenue for news media.