多媒體行動裝置與障礙物型態引致穿越間隙之行動與知覺

Abstract

穿越環境中的間隙是人類在移動中最常面臨的情境，維持清晰的偵查能力有助於準確知覺穿越間隙的可能性。然而，多媒體行動裝置除了帶來日常生活上的便利性之外，卻可能在不適當的使用情況下影響使用者的動作行為與安全。本研究立基於生態心理學觀點，旨在探討個體操作行動裝置的形式、障礙型態、分心活動、與認知負荷是否影響穿越間隙的知覺與動作表現。本研究招募84名實驗參與者，以隨機方式分派為6組實驗組與1組控制組，實驗組包含：（1）免持式接聽電話、自傳式回憶問題，（2）免持式接聽電話、回應算術問題，（3）手持式接聽電話、自傳式回憶問題，（4）持式接聽電話、回應算術問題，（5）以觸控螢幕傳輸簡訊、自傳式回憶問題，和（6）傳輸簡訊、回應算術問題，共六組。實驗過程中除了控制組之外，參與者皆被要求以指定的操作方式使用智慧型手機，並穿越由人或圓柱體兩種障礙物型態構成的間隙；臨界值會以最小可穿越間隙寬度和參與者肩寬計算獲得，並以三維動作擷取系統蒐集包含行走速度、轉肩角度、與安全限界等運動學參數，最後採用NASA-TLX量表主觀評估實驗工作的負荷。研究發現：一、障礙物型態會影響穿越間隙的環境賦使知覺，以及除了轉肩角度以外，各項穿越行為的指標，行動裝置的操作形式主要影響行走速度與轉肩出現的相對時間；二、穿越間隙的臨界值受操作形式-分心或障礙物型態的影響，通訊內容的認知負荷主要影響轉肩角度與工作負荷指數。Walking through narrow space in the environment is the most common situation of human movements. Maintained clear detecting ability is helpful for accurately perceiving the possibility of walking through aperture. However, while multimedia mobile devices bring convenience to daily life, it may negatively affect user’s behavior and safety under inappropriate use. Based on ecological psychology approach, this study was designed to examine the impacts of the operations of mobile devices, obstacle types, distraction activities, and cognitive load on the perception and performance of walking through apertures. Eighty-four adults were recruited and randomly assigned to 6 treatment groups and 1 control group. The treatment groups include: (1) a hands-free cell phone conversation and the autobiographical recall task, (2) a hands-free cell phone conversation and the mental arithmetic task, (3) a hand phone conversation and the autobiographical recall task, (4) a hand phone conversation and the mental arithmetic task, (5) the autobiographical recall task by texting, and (6) the mental arithmetic task by texting. In addition to control group, all participants were required to use the smart phone in the specified operation and walk through apertures formed by humans or poles. Critical point for walking through aperture was calculated by minimum aperture width and participant’s shoulder width. Kinematic datum, including walking velocities, the degrees of shoulder rotation, and safety margin were measured by using the 3-D motion capture system. Finally, working load about experimental task assessed by NASA-Task Load Index. The findings suggested that: (1) Obstacle types affected the affordances of walking through aperture, and the various indicators of crossing behavior in addition to the angle of shoulder rotation. The operations of mobile devices affected the walking velocities and the relative time of shoulder rotation appearance; and (2) the critical point of walking through aperture was affected by the mobile phone operation–distractions or obstacle types. The cognitive loading of communication content affected the angle of shoulder rotation and workload index.