春秋晉國所見軍事變革的萌芽——步戰地位的提升及其動力

Abstract

春秋戰國之間，車戰與步戰兩種不同作戰方式的遞嬗，是歷史的一大變化。本研究偏重政治史的取徑，嘗試以單一國家為討論對象，藉以深入闡述此一軍事變革的展開，尤其著重對促成此一歷史發展的原理及動力作出解釋。儘管在春秋時期，車戰仍然是主要的作戰方式，但步兵地位的提升已經有跡可循。本文首先考察春秋時期步兵發展的幾個關鍵問題，包含徒卒隨車與否的爭議，以及春秋步兵獨立作戰的起源之說。除了檢討成說，也藉此形成自己的一些省思。其後，乃聚焦於晉國的變化，因為在春秋時期步兵的發展過程中，晉國有著近於先行者的地位。本文主張，晉國與其周邊政治勢力的地緣政治衝突，是推動軍事變革的主要動力。這樣的動力，以「挑戰與回應」的模式，體現在晉國的一些制度改革上，如「作州兵」與「作三行」。

先是在晉惠公時期，晉國因受到外部危機的刺激，而從事「作州兵」的改革；此改革用意在擴大軍事動員的範圍，為往後晉國的軍事變革奠定有利的條件。此後為了抵禦戎狄的頻繁侵襲，晉國選擇進一步擴大其步兵部隊的規模，此即「作三行」。本文即力求從這些事件中，勾勒出事物發展的因果關係，說明戰爭、地理及其他一些因素，如何塑造軍事變革的動力。During the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, the transition from chariot warfare to infantry warfare marked a significant change in ancient history. This study adopts a political history approach, to deeply explore this military change by focusing on one single country, with particular emphasis on explaining the rationale and dynamics that drove this historical development.Although chariots remained the primary military arm during the Spring and Autumn period, there were already signs of the rising status of infantry. This essay first investigates several key issues related to the development of infantry during this period, including the controversy over whether foot soldiers being attached to chariots and the origins of independent infantry operations in the Spring and Autumn period. By reviewing existing theories, this essay also presents some reflections andnew insights. The focus then shifts to the state of Jin, which played a pioneering role in the development of infantry during the Spring and Autumn period. This study suggest that the geopolitical conflicts between Jin and its surrounding political entities were the main driving force behind military reform. The driving force, following a “challenge and response” model, is reflected in several institutional reforms in Jin, such as the “creation of the zhou troops” (作州兵) and the “creation of the three military columns.” (作三行)During the reign of Duke Hui of Jin, the state engaged in the “creation of the zhou troops” reform in response to external crises. This reform aimed to expand the scope of military mobilization, laying favorable conditions for subsequent military transformations in Jin. Later, to fend off frequent invasions by the Rong and Di tribes, Jin further expanded its infantry forces through the “creation of the three three military columns.” This essay thus seeks to outline the causal relationships from these events, explaining how warfare, geography, and other factors shaped the dynamics of military change.