東沙大王信仰研究：軍管區神明文化之考察

Abstract

東沙島的行政區劃歸屬於臺灣高雄市旗津區且目前無常住人口，主要由海巡署及少數海軍、空軍官兵長期駐守在島上。由於東沙島同為臺灣重要之軍事管制區及環礁國家公園，使得東沙大王廟的祭祀內涵有別於臺灣本島其他的民間廟宇，就此發展出由單一職業組成之特殊管理員模式以及相關祭祀活動。 本論文試圖探討東沙島上的民間信仰，亦以東沙大王廟開基大王的神像作為分析主體，佐以口訪記錄其相關祭祀禮儀與遶境活動。其次，筆者也梳理東沙大王如何受到島上官兵的崇拜及背後所隱藏的群體互動關係。除了東沙島特殊的軍事戰略位置外，最主要仍是因東沙大王廟之廟宇沿革和傳說相當值得考究。 東沙大王身為島上的「當境神明（tòng-kìng sîn-bîng）」，如同鹿港人會將當境神明的崇拜特質詮釋為看不見的「管區的（kuán-khu-ê）」，意即無形世界的「地方警察局局長」，負責管轄島上無形之靈體並解決問題。至於東沙大王的形象更透過「銘刻」加以堆疊，藉此產生新的詮釋並與舊內涵結合，以呈現其職能。根據筆者親往東沙島訪查的成果顯示，東沙大王信仰正是如此。另外，島上的東沙大王廟主祀為「開基大王」，另有其他同祀神祇。 東沙大王廟位處外離島，因此研究者除蒐集文獻外，亦實際登島進入田野環境調查，記錄第一手的遶境過程。從而發現到軍事力量和民間信仰的互動關係微妙，一方面仰賴民間信仰穩定軍心，一方面利用權力影響民間信仰，形成異於他廟的地方性特色。本論文將呈現東沙大王信仰的特殊之處，並將其信仰的發展歷程，放置人文歷史之軍事脈絡下進行探討。Dongsha Island as a pivotal military control area and the Atoll National Park makes the meaning of its worship ritual differ from other folk religion temples in Taiwan. Dongsha Da-Wang Temple has developed a single-career administrator group and some corresponding worship activities. This thesis attempts to explore the folk belief on Dongsha Island. The researcher will delve into the case of “Kai Ji Da-Wang” in Dongsha Da-Wang Temple, speculate on the possible reason and route of how “Kai Ji Da-Wang” landed on Dongsha Island, and record the legend of its inspiration. Moreover, the researcher will also reveal how Dongsha Da-Wang had been worshiped by the officers and soldiers there, and discuss the group interaction behind these rituals and activities. In addition to Dongsha Island’s strategic military location, the history and legends of Dongsha Da-Wang Temple is also worthy to conduct further research. Dongsha Da-Wang as the “Local God (tòng-kìng sîn-bîng)” on the island, just as the Lukang people would interpret the god as the invisible “kuán-khu-ê,” which means “Commissioner of the local police department.” The “Local God” acts like the invisible “kuán-khu-ê,” who is responsible for managing the intangible spirits and solving problems. Furthermore, the concept of “Superscribing” means that when the image of the god changes with time, the new interpretation does not obliterate the original meaning, but co-exist with each other. Therefore, its multiple connotations remain unchanged. According to the researcher’s investigation, Dongsha Da-Wang belief corresponds to this situation. Based on the literature review, the researcher conducted a field investigation to collect first-hand data, including the record of Da-Wang Temple’s pilgrimage which demonstrates the characteristics of Dongsha Da-Wang belief. Finally, the thesis will analyze and discuss the development of this folk belief in the context of local military history.