Gaga與Utux：泰雅族環境倫理之研究

Abstract

本研究以Gaga和Utux為主題硏究泰雅族環境倫理。研究主軸以泰雅族的「人」、「靈」和「自然」之間具有聯繫和互為連結關係之整全觀為基礎；以民族誌生態學學理，探討泰雅族語言符號之細微意義來分析泰雅族環境倫理信念。研究假設是泰雅族的生活規範已存在環境倫理，只是隱而未彰顯；經由部落耆老的語言意義，所代表的自然觀和實踐觀，而成為普遍性遵守的泰雅族「人和環境」平衡關係之環境倫理意義；再經由部落實地觀察與研究理解特定部落如何實踐生物文化保護、土地、水和森林資源生態利用，以構築泰雅族部落環境哲學基礎之研究。泰雅族是以Gaga與Utux作為核心文化或習慣，型塑他們在特定部落人與自然互動關係之宇宙觀。本研究從這兩個核心的語言符號所隱含與大自然之關聯性和互為連結關係開始，探索有關泰雅族如何做人和如何生活之一切理想、原則和實踐其環境倫理和生態倫理之信念。這個研究方法包含了泰雅族族群主體關係網絡之脈絡、泰雅族的傳統生態知識、以及現代環境倫理思想等意義和概念，進而推論環境倫理之意義。研究程序分兩個階段進行，第一階段實際到研究場域，進行部落耆老訪談資料蒐集、分析和理解泰雅族的文化習慣，所形塑之環境倫理觀和實踐觀，並且進行分析和推論語言意義表達之環境哲學。第二階段進行特定部落居民實踐觀真實的觀察，選定三個小尺度之部落環境現況和生態農業實踐，以分析與理解部落居民的觀念和實踐的觀察。本研究發現泰雅族在語言符號意義上具有豐富的環境倫理意義，也呈現在土地利用和動植物採集等生態智慧，而且他們對於環境倫理意義，自有其存在方式和表達方式。研究顯示泰雅族人將自然的規律與居民的行為規範統合一致為實踐倫理之意義，並隱含可持續發展之意涵。泰雅族的環境倫理意義上常以隱喻的表達其謙卑態度，而且處處可見泰雅族的共勞、分享的概念實踐，可以推論這種每日實踐的倫理哲學基礎，來自於他們Gaga與Utux關係連結的宇宙觀；而Utux的信念在倫理道德行為和態度具關鍵性作用。有關土地價值觀上每個部落之環境不同，所執持的價值觀也不同，這是個人世界價值觀理解之差異，不會是有正確之答案。在Gaga和Utux架構分析下，泰雅族人的實踐觀具有豐富的生態倫理信念和真實的生態實踐。

This research involved the study of Tayal environmental ethics with the overarching theme of Gaga and Utux. The primary focus is based on the Tayal's holistic view for managing "humans", "spirits", and "nature" relationships and connection on physical and psychological planes. We analyzed the subtle meanings of Tayal language symbols based on ethnographic ecological theory on the Tayal Environmental Ethical Beliefs. Our hypothesis is that environmental ethics already exist in the norms of the Tayal, but they are only hidden. It is only through interpreting the meaning and use of the words through the tribal elders that the natural and practical views of the Tayal can be observed, as well as the balance between the"people and the environment", and significance of environmental ethics. This then allows us to understand how specific tribes practice biological and cultural protection, and land, water and forest ecological utilization through field observation and research. This approach builds on Tayal TEK, environmental literacy, and an environmental philosophy. The Tayal people use Gaga and Utux as their core culture to shape their cosmology and interactions between people and nature in a particular tribe. We began with the relationship and interconnection with nature that is implied by these two core language symbols, and then explored Tayal ideals, principles, and beliefs on how to behave and live, and to practice their environmental and ecological ethics. This research approach included the context of the subject-relationship network of the Tayal, Tayal TEK, and meanings and concepts of modern environmental ethics within Tayal linguistics, which then allowed us to infers the significance of Tayal environmental ethics. The research was carried out in two stages. Interviews with tribal elders, followed by data analysis and interpretation of Tayal cultural habits, the environmental ethics and practical views formed based on language, environmental philosophy, and expression in Stage 1. In the Stage 2, observations related to the views of specific tribal residents were noted. Three small-scale tribal environmental conditions and ecological agricultural practices were selected to analyze and understand the tribal residents' concepts and practical observations. We found that the Tayal have a rich environmental ethical philosophy, which is manifested in the language symbols used, as well as the ecological wisdom associated with land use, animal, and plant collections, and they have their own way to express the important of their ecological resources and environmental ethical significance of these practices. The research also showed that the Tayal integrate the laws of nature and the behavioral norms of residents into the meaning of practical ethics, which then forms and helps define sustainable development. The environmental ethics of the Tayal are often used metaphors to express their humility, attitude, and the conceptual practice of co-working and sharing with humans and non-humans. It can be inferred that the ethical and philosophical basis of this daily practice comes from the relationship between Gaga and Utux cosmology, and Utux's beliefs that play key roles in ethical behavior and attitudes. Regarding land values, the environment of each tribe is different, and the values that each tribe hold are different. This is the difference in the understanding of personal world values and there will be no correct answer. Under the analysis of Gaga and Utux framework, the Tayal’s view of practice has rich ecological ethics beliefs and real ecological practice.