自我效能水準對高爾夫推桿注意力及表現的影響

Abstract

自我效能是影響運動表現的重要心理要素，過去研究發現自我效能高低會影響動作執行的注意力投入，高自我效能的選手，透過發揮更多目標導向的心理效應來促進注意力控制和表現，而擁有低自我效能的選手，會讓注意力轉移到非目標導向的事物上而影響動作執行。過去研究也發現注意力影響動作執行時的腦波指標中，前額葉theta 波是腦波研究廣泛探討的指標之一。根據神經生理學的證據，前額葉theta波起源於前扣帶迴皮質區或者是前額皮質與扣帶迴的相互活化產生，過去研究也發現前額葉theta 波是探討持續性注意力的有效指標。然而，過去針對自我效能影響專注力的腦波活動較無研究探討，因此本研究目的在於探討高爾夫球推桿準備時自我效能水準的高低，在前額葉theta 波功率有何差異。本研究採用組內設計，招募了27名業餘高爾夫球選手，在收集腦波同時進行了60次推桿。在每次推桿之前通過單一向度自我效能量表 (0-10) 測量自我效能分數，高於平均分數的試作歸類為高自我效能，低於平均分數者則歸類為低自我效能。根據相依樣本t檢定分析後，發現個人高自我效能比起低自我效能有更好的推桿進洞率 (0.54 ± 0.18 v.s 0.49 ± 0.19)，以及更高的前額葉theta波功率 (1.51 ± 0.75 vs 1.40 ± 0.68)。根據結果，在選手身上，較高的自我效能可能使選手產生更好的目標導向 (由上至下; Top-down) 的持續性注意力(更高的前額葉theta波功率)及表現，此發現也支持Bandura的自我效能理論。

The relationship among self-efficacy, cortical correlate of attention, and sport performance was less studied. Given that attention is one of the most widely examined topics in electroencephalographic (EEG) research, it could be fruitful to explore the relationship among self-efficacy, EEG, and sport performance. This studied used a within-subject design. Twenty-seven skilled golfers were recruited to perform 60 putters while EEG was collected. The self-efficacy score was measured by a visual analog scale (0-10) before each putt. The trials with self-efficacy score higher than the average was classified into the high confidence category whereas those with lower than the average score was classified into the low confidence category. Paired t-test found that putting preceded by higher self-efficacy was associated with better putting performance (0.54 ± 0.18 v.s 0.49 ± 0.19) as well as higher frontal midline theta power (1.51 ± 0.75 vs 1.40 ± 0.68), which suggestive of goal-direct (Top-down) sustained attention that could benefit putting performance. Our finding also supported Bandura’s self-efficacy theory.