非典型僱傭議題之網路新聞媒體報導框架分析

Abstract

非典型僱傭勞動型態日益興盛，勞動議題亦受到大眾矚目。隨著網路時代來臨，網路成為受眾接收新聞的主要管道。因媒體會「框架」新聞並影響受眾對議題的認知，故本研究以框架分析來審視台灣網路新聞媒體建構台灣非典型僱傭議題真實之框架。本研究選擇主流／大眾媒體之《ETtoday東森新聞雲》78則、《自由時報電子報》237則、《聯合新聞網》300則之報導，與非主流／獨立媒體之《苦勞網》10則、《風傳媒》53則、《民報》23則共701則新聞報導進行分析，參考Tankard框架清單分析取徑，以內容分析法分析兩類網路新聞媒體報導框架之呈現與其異同。 研究發現：兩類媒體在新聞呈現、情感框架上具有顯著差異，但在歷時之報導量上沒有顯著差異。主流／大眾媒體重視報導量，並以中篇幅、純報導呈現議題，其多數報導中呈現圖表且較偏向勞方；非主流／獨立媒體重視深度、主觀評論之長篇幅報導，其報導中均呈現圖表且較偏向官方。兩類媒體之報導主要含有多個消息來源並側重官方權威話語，非主流／獨立媒體引用更多類的消息來源且更平衡地呈現勞、資、政、學等多方之話語。兩類媒體在子議題之呈現上均重視派遣相關子議題並呈現出社會真實，唯零工相關子議題在非直接相關主題之報導中較常被突顯。兩類媒體呈現之問題與解決策略為顯著之實質框架；兩類媒體皆呈現用人單位使用因素之歸因並關注勞權、低薪等問題，主流／大眾媒體略偏柔性解決，非主流／獨立媒體略偏硬性解決；非主流／獨立媒體在直接相關主題報導中呈現之實質框架較主流／大眾媒體為多且更加突顯某些特定的面向。兩類媒體多為中立報導，但非主流／獨立媒體較有主觀評述，並以勞方立場、質疑政府施政作為其意識形態。總體來看，媒體仍會以特定字詞框架非典型僱傭議題與非典型僱傭勞工之形象，然媒體亦有確實地扮演好議題之監督者角色並重視議題的問題與解決。本研究之發現可供台灣網路新聞媒體審視其報導非典型僱傭議題之平衡性，以利未來產製更為詳實且客觀之報導。As the labor type of atypical employment is growing, labor issues are also drawing public attention. With the advent of the Internet age, the Internet has become the main channel for audiences to receive news. Because the media will "frame" news and influence the audience's perception of the topic, this study analysis and examine the real frame of Taiwan's online news media to construct issues of atypical employment in Taiwan based on framing theory. This study selects 78 articles of ET Today News Cloud, 237 articles of Liberty Times Net, and 300 articles of United Daily News Net from mainstream/mass media; 10 articles of Coolloud, 53 articles of Storm Media Group and 23 articles of Taiwan People News from non-mainstream/independent media. There’s 701 news in total for analysis. This study refers to Tankard’s framing theory for analysis, and analyze the similarities and differences between the two types of online news media reporting frameworks by content analysis. The study found that there’re significant differences between the two types of media in the presentation of news and frame of emotion, but there is no significant difference in the amount of the report. It shows that the mainstream/mass media pays attention to the number of reports and presents topics in medium length and a pure form of reports. Most of the reports are present biased towards labor and most of them present with charts; non-mainstream/independent media pays attention to the reports in long length and report in subjective comments. Most of the reports are presently biased towards on government and most of them present with charts. The reports of the two types of media mainly with multiple sources and is written in the discourse of official authority. Non-mainstream/independent media quotes more on different types of sources and more balance on presentations in the word of labor, capital, politics, and academic. Both types of media pay attention to the relevant sub-topics about dispatch labor of and presented social reality in the reports. Only the sub-topics about part-time work are more prominent in the reports which non-direct related to atypical employment. The problems and solutions which present by two types of media are in a significant substantive frame; both types of media are attributed to the factors of the employer using and focus on the problems of labor rights, low salary, etc. The solutions that mainstream/mass media present is in a slightly flexible way, and the other is in a slightly rigid way; the non-mainstream/independent media presents a more substantive frame in the topics which directly related to atypical employment than the mainstream/mass media, it shows more about certain aspects. Reports from both types of media are mostly in neutral view, but non-mainstream/independent media use more subjective comments, they question the government's administration in the position of labor as their ideology and standpoint. In general, the media still uses specific words to frame on atypical employment issues and the image of atypical employment workers. However, the media still plays a role as a supervisor of issues and pays attention to problems and solutions to issues. The findings of this study allow Taiwan's online news media to review the balance of their reports about atypical employment issues for them to provide more detailed and objective reports in the future.