朱舜水的民族志節及其海上漂泊
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Date
2012-06-01
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國立臺灣大學東亞文明研究中心
Abstract
強調民族志節，是儒家的基本信念，或可以說是中國儒者承孔子的春秋筆法之教而有的民族主義。一般人以為儒家的嚴夷夏之防的民族觀，是一種狹隘封閉的意識形態：在邊疆外族入侵華夏的崩毀昏亂之時代，儒者一則必以身家殉道，一則必視外族為夷狄仇虜。然而觀諸南明大儒朱舜水的抉擇，實則不然。他選擇效法微子去國，並且義不臣於女真而乘桴浮於東海，中年之後，在東亞海上漂泊十多年，晚年終能在日本長崎、江戶獲得安棲，並得到日本士子、貴族的尊崇以及師禮。朱舜水甚至以堯舜孔孟之國期待日本。本文先敘朱舜水的民族志節之形態，再以地圖說明其東海之漂泊，同時敘述其海上生涯的際遇和心志。
One of the central doctrines of Confucianism is national-moral integrity, the Chinese Confucians' version of nationalism as influenced by Confucius' teachings in the Spring and Autumn Annals. Some regard this form of nationalism as a kind of narrow-minded parochialism: a Confucian must be ready for martyrdom when confronting a foreign invasion and, moreover, must regard all foreigners as barbarians. However, that was not the case for Chu Shun-shui, a leading Confucian in the Southern-Ming Dynasty. He emulated Wei-Zi, refused to accept the position offer from Jurchen regime and embarked on his journey overseas. After drifting around East Asia for more than a decade, Chu eventually settled down in Nagasaki and Edo and was held in high esteem by the local scholars and elites; he then began to expect another golden age of Confucianism in Japan. This article shall firstly determine the form of Chu's national-moral integrity. It then traces Chu's journey around the East China Sea, including the major events and his aspirations, illustrated with the aid of maps.
One of the central doctrines of Confucianism is national-moral integrity, the Chinese Confucians' version of nationalism as influenced by Confucius' teachings in the Spring and Autumn Annals. Some regard this form of nationalism as a kind of narrow-minded parochialism: a Confucian must be ready for martyrdom when confronting a foreign invasion and, moreover, must regard all foreigners as barbarians. However, that was not the case for Chu Shun-shui, a leading Confucian in the Southern-Ming Dynasty. He emulated Wei-Zi, refused to accept the position offer from Jurchen regime and embarked on his journey overseas. After drifting around East Asia for more than a decade, Chu eventually settled down in Nagasaki and Edo and was held in high esteem by the local scholars and elites; he then began to expect another golden age of Confucianism in Japan. This article shall firstly determine the form of Chu's national-moral integrity. It then traces Chu's journey around the East China Sea, including the major events and his aspirations, illustrated with the aid of maps.