香港退役運動員生涯轉換之研究

Abstract

運動員把青春奉獻予運動，但在賽場上拼搏後，終會迎來退役的一天。過去數十年間，世界各地愈趨重視運動員退休議題，而生涯轉換對退役運動員來說是非常重要。本研究旨在探討香港退役運動員之生涯轉換情形，瞭解運動員生涯發展的歷程，並以Schlossberg轉換模型為基礎，探究其在運動生涯轉換時所面臨的情境因素、個人特質、支持系統及行動策略如何影響其生涯轉換之適應。本研究採用質性研究，對5名香港退役運動員實施半結構式深度訪談。研究發現，香港退役運動員的生涯發展歷程受到多重因素的影響，包括興趣、香港社會對運動員身分的支持、雙重身分的困擾、受傷的風險、對未來職涯的不確定性、缺乏教練的支持、以及失去訓練比賽的動機等。退役運動員需要透過規劃和探索找到自己未來發展的方向，以及適應職涯轉換的挑戰。此外，運動員之過去經驗是有助於適應生涯轉換，以及轉換成兼職運動員是順利適應生涯轉換的方法。接續，個人特性如年齡、社經地位和學歷程度對適應能力產生影響；自我發展特質、心理韌性和自我效能都是影響退役運動員適應能力的心理特質因素。另外，重要他人和外在資源的支持與支援對生涯轉型有顯著的正面影響。最後，退役運動員必須進行自我探索和生涯規劃，以了解其未來的發展方向，並通過職業轉型和重新定位來適應生涯轉換所帶來的挑戰。本研究結果期盼能為香港退役運動員的生涯發展提供建議，以及為香港政府及相關單位在推動政策上提供參考。Athletes devote their youth to their sport, but the day of retirement inevitably comes after their competitive attempts on the field. Athlete retirement has become increasingly essential in recent decades, and career transition is critical for retiring athletes. Using the Schlossberg transition model, this study aims to investigate the career transition of retired athletes in Hong Kong, focusing on the process of athlete career development and the impact of situational factors, self-factors, support systems, and action strategies on their adjustment to career transition in sports. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 5 retired Hong Kong athletes who had competed on the national or international level. The study found that multiple factors influence the career development of retired athletes in Hong Kong, including interests, support from Hong Kong society for athlete identity, dual identity issues, injury risks, uncertainty about future careers, a lack of coach support, and a loss of motivation for training and competition. Retired athletes need to plan and explore their future career directions and adapt to the challenges of the career transition. Furthermore, rich past experiences help to adapt to career transition, and transitioning to part-time athletics is a smooth way to adapt to career transition. Also, personal characteristics such as age, socioeconomic status, and educational level have an impact on adaptive ability. Self-development, resilience, and self-efficacy are all psychological attribute elements that influence retired athletes' adaptive capacity. In addition, support from significant others and external resources has a significant positive impact on career transition. Finally, retired athletes must engage in self-exploration and career planning in order to understand their future development path and adapt to career transition challenges through career transformation and repositioning. The findings of this study are expected to provide recommendations for the career development of Hong Kong retired athletes, as wellas references for the Hong Kong government and relevant units in policy making.