臺灣的忠烈祠與日本的護國神社．靖國神社之比較研究

Abstract

忠烈祠為中華民國的「國殤聖域」 '它是祭祀中華民國建立以來，為「國家」殉難殉職的忠勇義烈官兵、人民的場所，是中華民國「國家宗祀」或國殤致祭的神聖場域，唯其創建是在1930年代至40年代中華民國與日本帝國從準戰爭期進入戰爭期的產物。而當時的「敵對國」日本，在這時期也將明治維新前後以來，為新政府戰死、或為國事殉難「英靈」祭祀、彰顯的場所「招魂社」改稱為「護國神社」。敵對的兩國，約在同一時期，將兩國殉難者的「烈士」、「英靈」以「忠烈祠」與「護國神社」之慰靈設施，予以崇敬祭祀，乃一饒富興昧的議題。本研究以臺灣的忠烈祠與日本的護國神社，加上二者最高位階的「國民革命忠烈祠」與「靖國神社」進行比較研究，首先談論忠烈祠與護國神社，靖國神社的創建歷史、治革，其次從以下四個面向，來對忠烈祠與護國﹒靖國神社進行比較:(一)歷史治革與性質之比較、(二)祭神、儀式之比較、(三)戰後的經營維持、(四)國民的記憶。

The Martyrs' Shrine is the Republic of China's "sacred sanctum for remembering those whose died on behalf of the country", a venue ofworship that housed righteous officers, soldiers and people who died for the country since the inception of the Republic of China, and a sacred place that the Republic of China held its "national worship" or paid homage to those deceased defending the country﹒Its inception began in the 1930s and 1940s, and was a product born during the period when the Republic of China and the Imperial Japan moved from the quasiwarring period to the warring period. While the "rival country" then, Japan had also during this period renamed the "Spiritual Shrine", a venue of worship for the "war dead" of those fighting for the new government or died on behalf of the country, into the "Gokoku Shrine". It does emerge as a whimsical subject as to how the two rivaling countries would during the same period took to worshipping and paying homage to "martyrs" and "righteous souls" of those died for the two parties by putting up the spiritual consoling facility of the "Martyrs' Shrine" and the "Gokoku Shrine". The study attempts to conduct a comparative study on Taiwan's Martyrs' Shrine and Japan's Gokoku Shrine, and the highest ranks of the two 一the "Republican Revolutionary Martyrs' Shrine" and the "Yasukuni Shrine" by first discussing the building history, timeline of the Martyrs' Shrine, Gokoku Shrine, and Yasukuni Shrine, and then comparing the Martyrs' Shrine, Gokoku Shrine, and Yasukuni Shrine with the following four constructs: (I) A comparison on the historical timeline and nature; (II) A comparison on deity worship and rituals; (III) the post-war management and maintenance; (IV) The collective memories of the people.