籃球優秀運動員接球與運球跳投之運動學分析

Abstract

過去籃球跳投研究大多著重於投籃距離、防守球員對於原地投籃運動力學參數的影響，對於急停墊步投籃較少著墨。透過2017年NBA總冠軍賽選手的跳投型態分析，發現球員以運球過人和跑動接球跳投為主要技術；選手在擺脫防守者後通過墊步的方式進行投籃。而幾種動作在使用率與命中率各有所長，為了瞭解實戰中常用跳投技術的細微區別，本研究利用7台Vicon紅外線攝影機(300Hz)與一台JVC高速攝影機(300Hz)，以八名右手為慣用手之臺灣大專公開甲一級男子籃球選手為受試者，拍攝其左、右手運球與左、右側跑動接球三分線墊步跳投動作之運動學資料。透過Visual3D與Kwon3D軟體分析後，以無母數弗里曼二因子等級變異數分析檢定不同動作跳投之差異顯著性(α=.05)，差異若達顯著則進行事後比較。結果：運球跳投的墊步距離較接球跳投長；運球跳投較接球跳投動作在軸心腳觸地瞬間有較快的重心水平速度；下蹲期重心下降時間較短，反映在膝關節的屈曲角速度較大；起跳瞬間垂直方向速度較接球跳投快，跳躍高度亦有較高的趨勢。整體而言，運球與接球跳投對墊步投籃動作影響較左、右手運球與突破方向等因素來得大，且主要區別為下肢著地與跳躍動作的過程，但四種跳投動作的上肢動作並沒有顯著差異。Most of the previous studies related to jump shot focused on shooting distance and the influence of defenders rather than pull up jumpers. According to the analysis of the 2017 NBA Finals, dribbling past an opponent and “catching and shoot” were the main players’ techniques; players dribble past their opponents and jump shot with 1-2 step. The purpose of this study was to compare the difference among the movements of the “left-hand dribble and shoot”, “right-hand dribble and shoot”, “left-side catch and shoot” and “right-side catch and shoot” on the 3 points line in biomechanical approach. Eight Taiwan UBA (University Basketball Association) division one were served as the participants. Seven VICON infrared cameras (300Hz) and a JVC high-speed camera (300Hz) were used to collect the dynamics variables in the experiment. The dada were calculated by the software of the Visual3D and the Kwon3D. All the variables were tested by Friedman two-way ANOVA non-parametric statistical test and the post-hoc comparison were calculated by SPSS 23.0, the significant levels as α = .05. The results showed the step length of “dribble and shoot” was longer than “catch and shoot”; the horizontal COM velocity at the landing point of the pivot foot in “dribble and shoot” was faster than “catch and shoot”. The time of COM descending phase was shorter in “dribble and shoot” than in “catch and shoot”. The results showed that the angular velocity of knee-joint, the vertical velocity of the COM was faster and the jump height was higher in “dribbling and shooting” than “catching and shooting” movements. The differences between the “dribble and shoot” and the “catch and shoot” was greater than the difference between using left hand and right hand or the two cutting directions. There were no significant kinematical differences in the upper limbs among the four movements.