從求勝利到求生存：泰北華人文化之歷史形成與多元變異1953–1993年

Abstract

本研究旨在提供進一步認識「泰北華人」新文化的形成與其變異之現象。俗 稱的「泰北中國難民村」並非是純「華裔」族群的村落，它是「華裔」、「漢人文 化」、「雲南文化」與泰北山區「跨境文化」多元互動、碰撞、鎔鑄新文化的洪爐 所在。 「戰爭」吸引了滇、緬、寮地區的華人與跨境族群為捍衛某種「政治認同」 的勝利而奮鬥；時代驟變，政治目標因情勢生變！孓然一身「寄居」泰國北部邊 境山區，義無反顧地捍衛頭上「中國人」的冠冕；在「異國他邦」的窘促生存條 件，現實的環境架構了「異族通婚」的平台，提供了同地區跨境族群文化發展的 機會。「家庭」是族群的基本單位，也是展現族群文化與精神的標準場域。 本論文從歷史文獻出發，透過田野觀察、對相關歷史事務經歷者的訪談，並 從當地原始文字資料或照片、刊物中，整理出在 1953~1993 年期間，泰北華人為 求生存與當地少數族群的互動、融合及其發展的過程，架構了新文化的溫床，也 彌補兵荒馬亂年代忽略的過程。印證了「華人」本身也是一個顯著的「跨境族群」 同時也呈現了「文化中國」的面貌。

The purpose of this study is to provide a further understanding of the formation of new culture of "Northern Thailand Chinese" and its variation. Commonly known as the "Chinese Refugee Villages in northern Thailand" are not pure "Ethnic Chinese" villages, but a melting pot where "Ethnic Chinese", "Han Chinese culture", "Yunnan culture" interact, collide, and merge with the "Cross-border culture" of northern Thailand mountains.

"War" attracted Chinese from Yunnan, Myanmar, Laos regions and cross- border groups to defend and struggle for certain "political identity". However, political objectives varied by circumstances and sudden change of the era. In order to survive, they had to put down their guns, facing the "uprooted", "cultural differences", and lived like "strangers" in northern mountainous of Thailand border. For defending their Chinese identity, they insisted "traditional Chinese" way of life. The embarrassed living conditions constructed the platform of "mixed marriages" which offered the opportunity of cross-border and regional ethnic cultural development. Northern Thailand Chinese Culture includes the various ethnic groups, including Han culture "restricted" within the field of brewing the face of another culture. "Family" especially is the basic unit of the group, and also shows the ethnic culture and spirit of the standard field.

Through research methods of field observations and surveys, the study starts from the historic literature, interviews with those of related history matters, and original texts from local written information or photographs, publications, sorted out during 1953 to 1993, and discovers the development process of how Chinese of northern Thailand have been interacting with other local minorities and integrate for the sake of survival. From the observation and the interview of the Chinese families in northern Thailand villages, clues can be found to complete the evolution overlooked. It not only confirms the "Chinese" itself is a "cross-border groups," but also presents the look of "Cultural Chinese".