北風去南風回

Abstract

西元1931年在福建長樂南山寺出土的「天妃靈應之記」碑，記載了鄭和七次下西洋的史蹟，但出使年代與明史紀錄稍有不同。其中一次碑文記載永樂五年至七年 之旅，而明史未載；另一次明史載永樂二十二年舊港之行，而碑文不載。兩者同為七下西洋，但內容不盡相同，因此有舊說與新說之別。本文根據季風變化與航海往 返之規律，參酌一些曾被質疑或忽略的史料，重新詮釋這兩次有爭論的西洋之行。 事實上，鄭和於永樂五年九月第一次西洋行返回南京後，一直留在國內。鄭和在永樂六年九月再次奉詔後，便積極籌備第二次航海事宜，他在永樂七年一月奏請明成 祖封海神宋靈惠夫人為弘仁普濟天妃並建祠于儀鳳門，永樂七年二月奏請皇帝布施錫蘭山佛寺，同年三月進行編組航海官兵、籌措錢糧、及備妥大明皇帝敕諭諸番國 之昭告文等事項。這些事實說明了鄭和在永樂五年至七年間，沒有親率船隊下西洋。 關於永樂二十二年鄭和奉命賜印舊港施進卿之子施濟孫請襲宣慰使之事，明史記之而碑文略之，因此學者對於鄭和是否完成此行任務有不同意見。新說者有謂此旅不 及印度洋而不計西洋之旅者；有謂成祖駕崩後仁宗繼位罷寶船，故有受命而未成行者；也有謂鄭和無法在一月受命後的七個月內完成任務者。然而本文參考《前聞 記》所載鄭和宣德年航海，重估南京舊港間之行程，認為此行乃輕舟簡從之臨時任務，可以在四個月內完成舊港之行。此外，成祖於永樂二十二年七月辛卯駕崩榆木 川行次，朝廷以六軍在外密不發喪，仁宗八月丁巳繼位後，始罷寶船，鄭和不可能在受命後遲未啟程而誤失風期。因此，鄭和是在完成賜印舊港酋長回京後，始聞成 祖駕崩消息的。 綜上所述，明史所云鄭和七下西洋之說法，仍較碑文為合理可信。

Ever since the unearthing of the Tien-fei-ling-ying-zhi-chi inscription in 1931 at the Nan-san Temple in Fu-chien province, Chinese historians have debated over claims about the actual voyages made by Zheng-he during the period 1407-1431 AD. Much of the controversy was centered on the voyage made during 1407 to 1409 AD and the voyage made in 1424 AD. The confusion of the debate arose from the records provided by the Ming-shih vs. the evidence revealed by the Tien-fei-ling-ying-zhi-chi inscription. According to climatic and historical sources, Zheng-he had crossed the South-China Sea and the Indian Ocean several times before and after the 1407-1409 AD. However, because he had to lead a fleet of ships staffed with 27,000 crewmembers, it was unlikely that he could have finished three round-trips in six years during 1405-1411 AD. During 1407-1409 AD, Zheng-he was busy on preparing a monument for a Buddhist temple in Sri Lanka and on organizing and collecting the necessities for crewmembers, he was indeed not on the ocean as he stayed behind in China during his period. Regarding the 1424 AD voyage, completion of the journey was questioned because the Ming-shih had no record of the date of return. While that voyage was short and considered not important by some interpretations, it still would have been possible to complete it in due time with reference to Chien-wen-chi which recorded the last trip of Zheng He. Overall, statements in the Ming-shih seemed to be more reliable than those made in the Tien-fei-ling-ying inscription concerning Zheng-he's voyages in the Ming Dynasty.