全球化及國家∕市場關係之轉變

Abstract

本文旨在分析高等教育市場化的政治和經濟脈絡。許多研究者指出高等教育的市場化和新自由主義所主張的縮減政府規模、尊重市場機制有密切的關係，但是這些研究並未說明為何各國的高等教育在1980年代以降先後走上市場化之路。為了解答此一問題，本文由全球化和國家∕市場關係之轉變兩個面向，分析高等教育市場化的政治、經濟脈絡。本文指出在全球資本主義和自由市場的衝擊之下，不但國家與國家之間的界線越來越模糊，國家與市場之間的角色區隔也越來越曖昧不清。以往被認為應該由國家來守護的理念、由國家來提供的服務，似乎都可交由市場來作更有效率的生產與分配。全球化可說是推動各國高等教育聚合性發展的主要力量，單從Burton Clark所提出的國家、市場和高等教育的三角協調關係將難以說明此一現象。

For years researchers have explained the marketization of higher education in light of now-liberalism and the downsizing of the state. However, they failed to point out the forces that have pushed higher education, whether in market or centrally-planned economies to a convergent mode of development. After examining the attributes of globalization and the change of relationships between state and market, the author argues that economic globalization has resulted in the global capitalism and global pressure for open market, and political globalization has weakened the states. Bourgeoning capitalism and weakened states have thus blurred the border between states and the role between state and market. Facing the fierce competition in the global market, states have not much choice other than pushing higher education for greater efficiency and competitiveness. Therefore, a triangle of state authority, market and academic oligarchy as proposed by Burton Clark would not be sufficient in explaining the coordination of higher education, the fourth factor ? globalization would have to be added to reflect the changing context of higher education.