牽一孩而動全家：社會變遷下兩代共教養家庭及其教養實踐之研究

Abstract

教養實踐隨著社會的變遷呈現不一樣的樣貌，尤其是在家庭化遷移的背景下，同一個屋簷下，兩代人共同譜寫了一曲交融與碰撞的家庭教養樂章。兩代人被擠壓進現代化的鍋爐中反復曆練，最終形成一種「兩代共教養」的教養樣貌。兩代人為教養差異而苦惱、矛盾、糾結，若要想创造相互理解的空間，我們必須要對年輕父母和祖父母身上所承載的社會歷史性進行系統、深入地探究。從共教養家庭的形成來看，家庭結構並不是永久不變的。為了因應家庭內部與外部的壓力，全體成員都被捲入，因此，「牽一孩而動全家」的情況在現代城市家庭十分普遍。兩代共教養家庭在現代社會中是一個「共同體」，是兩代人為了抵禦風險社會的風險和維持生存而做出的不得已的選擇。兩代人在一起相處，既一致「對外」，亦必定有内部矛盾、衝突。而這種矛盾、衝突不僅僅是個人性格和特性的寫照，更是家庭結構的產物，其本质是結構與結構之間的碰撞。從共教養家庭的勞動分工來看，兩代共教養家庭要求年輕父母中至少有一方要參與到育兒之中，並在其中主要負責「育」和「教」，具体牽涉孩子的學習輔導以及行為習慣等相關方面的教養責任。年輕父母因關注教養品質，所以在教養實作中是願意投入的。祖父母也要參與孫代的撫育，並在其中主要發揮「養」的作用，即主要照顧孫代的飲食起居，這其中的工作量是巨大的。在共教養家庭的勞動分工中，年輕父母掌握著核心權力，祖父母則聽從配合。整體呈現出年輕人「管的多，做的少」，祖父母「做的多，管的少」的特點。此外，從性別分工來看，祖父母和年輕父母的性別分工模式以「女性為主，男性為輔」為主。在兩代人的教養差異及其矛盾衝突方面，首先，兩代人在教養目標和教養實作方面均有較大差異。其次，兩代人的教養差異是社會歷史建構的產物。教養目標方面，祖父母希望孫子女多讀書，上大學，這種認知來自他們所經受的文革和上山下鄉的影響。此外，祖父母因其所經歷的動盪社會，而更加渴求體制內穩定工作。但對於年輕父母而言，這些深受現代教育影響的80後一代，他們依然在盡力維持自己「高工資—體面消費—現代化城市生活」的模式。他們也盡力讓自己的下一代繼續走「升學—就業」之路，讓孩子至少能讀到好大學、好專業成為他們首要的期待，并没有像祖父母一样完全渴求體制內的穩定工作。在教養實作方面，研究中有多數年輕父母認為要少用上一代人的經驗。年輕父母質疑祖父母的教養經驗，究其根本原因是年輕父母對祖父母過去教養方式和觀念的不認同。最後，祖父母和年輕父母的教養環境差异可總結為熟人社會的「集體化教養」和陌生社會的「個體化教養」之不同，這也是兩代人教養差異之面向的根本體現。With social changes, parenting practices have different appearances, especially in the context of family migration, under the same roof, two generations have jointly composed a family parenting movement that blends and collides. Two generations have been squeezed into the boiler of modernization and experienced challenges again and again, and finally formed a kind of"two generations of parenting". The two generations have been distressed, contradicted, and entangled due to differences in parenting. If we want to create room for mutual understanding, we must systematically and deeply explore the socio-historical nature of young parents and grandparents. From the perspective of the formation of a co-parenting family, its family structure is not permanent. In order to cope with the internal and external pressure of the family, all members are involved. Therefore, the situation of"one child affects the whole family" is very common in modern urban families. The two-generation co-parenting family is a "community" in modern society and the last resort choice made by two generations in order to resist the risks of a risky society and maintain survival. When two generations live together, not only are they unified for the external world, but there must also be internal contradictions and conflicts. And this kind of contradiction and conflict is not only the portrayal of personal character and characteristics, but also the product of family structure, and its essence is the collision between structures.From the perspective of the labor division of families of co-parenting by two generations, the families require that at least one of the young parents be involved in child-rearing, and is mainly responsible for"nurture" and "education", which specifically involves tutor of children's study and behavioral habits and other aspects of parenting responsibilities. Because young parents pay attention to the quality of parenting, they are willing to invest in parenting. Grandparents are also involved in rearing their grandchildren and they mainly play the role of "rearing" in it. That is, they mainly take care of their grandchildren's diets and daily life and this workload is huge. In the labor division in the families of co-parenting by two generations, young parents hold the core power, whereas grandparents obey and cooperate with the parents. As a whole, it shows the characteristic of young people is"monitoring more but doing less", and that of grandparents is “doing more but monitoring less”. In addition, from the perspective of the labor division of gender, the labor division between grandparents and young parents is dominated by the "females are dominant, males are supplementary" mode.