漢語與荷語網路評論之批評言語行為對比研究及教學建議

Abstract

「批評」是人類溝通時經常出現的一種言語行為。過往的學者多以當面批評為主題，進行漢語與英語的跨語言對比研究，相較之下，以網路批評為主題以及漢語與荷語跨語言對比的相關研究尚嫌不足。有鑑於此，本研究蒐集網路場域中的批評評論，藉此探討漢語與荷語網路批評行為的相同點與相異點，並根據研究結果提出批評行為之相關二語教學建議。本研究蒐集國際旅遊評論網站「TripAdvisor」餐廳評論中之漢語與荷語批評行為語料共600筆，目的為分析漢語與荷語網路評論中之批評行為特徵及語用策略分布，從而探討漢語與荷語各自體現出何種策略偏好。研究結果顯示，漢語與荷語之網路批評行為策略多樣，結構複雜多變，兩種語言分別體現集體主義文化與個體主義文化的部分特徵。在策略偏好方面，漢語與荷語在主體策略中皆傾向使用評價策略，以主觀的方式提出不滿；在輔助策略中，漢語偏好採用釋因策略，為批評行為鋪陳背景，荷語則經常使用讚美策略，在批評的同時凸顯批評對象之優點。在策略結構方面，漢語在主體策略及輔助策略的組合上經常使用三種主體策略搭配一種輔助策略；荷語在主體策略及輔助策略的組合上經常使用兩種主體策略搭配一種輔助策略。

在教學應用上，本研究根據研究結果針對荷語為母語的漢語學習者設計教學方案，使漢語學習者能在網路場域中辨別不同的批評策略，並正確地運用這些策略，引導學習者恰當地在網路場域中運用或閱讀批評策略，幫助學習者提升其語用能力。'Criticism' is a type of speech act which is often used in interpersonal communication. In the past, scholars mostly focused on face-to-face criticism and conducted cross-linguistic comparisons between Mandarin and English, but research on online criticism in Mandarin and Dutch is still inadequate. In view of this, this study has collected online reviews in order to explore the differences in the use of critical behaviour between Mandarin and Dutch, and then proposed pedagogical suggestions related to critical behaviour based on the findings.A total of 600 Mandarin and Dutch online reviews were collected from the website TripAdvisor. The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of critical behaviour and the distribution of strategies in Mandarin and Dutch online restaurant reviews, as well as to explore the strategic preferences of each language. The results of the study show that the strategies of online critical behaviour in Mandarin and Dutch are diverse, using complex and variable structures, and that Mandarin andDutch partially reflect characteristics of collectivism and individualism respectively. In terms of strategic preferences, Mandarin and Dutch both tend to use evaluative strategies as the head act to present their grievances in a subjective manner, whereas for the supportive move, Mandarin tends to use explanatory strategies to set the context for the critical behaviour to come. Dutch, on the other hand, tends to use complimentary strategies to highlight the merits of the target while criticising them. In terms of strategic structures, Mandarin prefers to use three head acts with one supportive move as the overall strategy. Dutch, on the contrary, prefers to use two head acts and one supportive move as the overall strategy.Based on the results, this paper has designed an appropriate teaching plan for native Dutch speakers learning Mandarin, so that they can identify different criticism strategies and apply them correctly. The purpose is to enhance their ability of reading and understanding criticism strategies in computer-mediated communication.