漢泰語能願動詞在教學上的對比研究

Abstract

漢語能願動詞，又稱為助動詞或情態動詞，在能願動詞的使用詞頻表上，「會」、「能」、「可以」是使用頻率很高的能願動詞，又是對外漢語教學中最先學習到的能願動詞，同時也是偏誤列表上，偏誤率最高的三個能願動詞。「會」、「能」、「可以」本身在語義上就有許多重疊的部分，但即便是語義上的通用，在語用及意願上還是有些微的差距與表意的不同。這些微的差距，也成為外籍生學習漢語的難點。漢泰能願動詞是具有相對應又相對封閉的一個語法和語義範疇，因此而具有跨語言的可比性，這種可比性在語言習得過程中對學習者會產生一定的干擾，進而導致遷移性的語際偏誤。 對於習慣接受直接翻譯法學習外語的泰籍學生而言，這三個能願動詞與泰語的最大對應詞就只有「ได้」（dai）一詞（對應詞不只有「ได้」）。因為泰語口語中的「ได้」既可以表示能力，又可以表示可能、允許之義，對應於漢語的「會」、「能」、「可以」，不僅有很多義項，意義又很接近，要能區辨清楚能願動詞間些微的語義差異，對於泰國學生來說，並非一蹴可幾之易事。 本文透過「會」、「能」、「可以」之完整語義架構的整理，與泰文的「ได้」（dai）進行對比分析，同時蒐集北語HSK動態作文語料庫的泰籍留學生使用「會」、「能」、「可以」的偏誤例句進行分析，探究其偏誤發生的原因，進而針對泰籍學生的學習歸納、設計出有效的教學策略。

The word “能願動詞” in Chinese, we also call them “Auxiliary verbs” or “Modal verbs”. On the list of “words using frequency”, “May”, “Can” is the model verb which has been used in high frequency, and they are the first words of model verbs the foreigner learned. Meanwhile, these three words on the list have been misused with high frequency.“May”, “Can” have many parts of overlap in the words meaning. Although these words are in common use, however, there are still having many differences of the words using and their meanings. These differences are to be the difficult for a foreign student in the Chinese language learning. The meaning of Chinese – Dai verbs include correspondence and self-contain characteristic to grammar and meaning. Therefore, it is comparable between languages; it will make some interference for learner, and lead to language mistakes of its transfer learning. For Thai-students who used to learning foreign language by direct translation, these three words have the best correspond to Thai only the word “ได้”. (But the correspond words not only “ได้”). The word “ได้” in oral language of Dai means “Ability”, it also can mean have possible or allow. Correspond to Chinese “hui4”, “neng2”, “ke3yi3”, it not only includes many items but also close to the meaning. Therefore, it is hard to know how to find differing aspects between these words. Through this thesis, we sort the complete language model for “May”, “Can”; it contrasts the differences between “Dai” and Chinese. Collecting and analysis the sample sentences which been misused by foreign students. Finding the reason why they caused the misuse, then focus on Thai-students learning; figure out the effective strategyof teaching.