華語時間副詞探究—以語料庫為本的研究

Abstract

漢語時間副詞在事件中扮演了事件發展方向與狀態的重要角色(郭翼舟，1984；張誼生，2000)。其中，時間副詞的多樣性可以依據時態，依照事件的整體或內部時間結構區分狀態；或是根據時制，以旁觀者的視角觀察時間發展順序，表達時間流的相對時間概念，常見分類為過去、現在、未來；又或者以時體為基礎，就事件當事人的角度觀察事件發展中的時間與狀態(呂叔湘，1942)，說明時間副詞不但涵蓋了時間概念，彰顯動作狀態的特徵以提升理解性，同時也能增加語言的完整度(陸儉明、馬真，1989；張誼生，2000)。綜觀過往時間副詞的研究，以語義為主要探討內容的並不多，加上對詞彙學習重要性的考量(Milton，2009)，因此本研究以教材中出現的52個時間副詞為探討對象，以時態的概念為基礎，根據「事件是否完整」、「狀態所處的階段」與「狀態類型」進行分類，接著，利用中央研究院平衡語料庫4.0的語料，從語義方面探討各類型時間副詞的語義，確立各別時間副詞的語義特徵，再針對「事件是否完整」中，完成貌的時間副詞與未完成貌的時間副詞進行狀態類型的綜合比較與討論，並根據本研究的內容提出教學建議。本研究依據事件階段、狀態以及語義分類，將時間副詞分成15組近義詞，並藉由平衡語料庫的語料分析，從中具體了解時間副詞之間的差異；同時，也根據分類結果，了解是否為完成貌與狀態有著緊密的關聯，一般完成貌的時間副詞，皆為過往已發生的事件，因此敘事者清楚知曉事件的始末與經歷一段時間的變化歷程；而未完成貌的時間副詞，強調狀態變化，甚至隱含對事件的不確定性與情緒。最後根據研究成果，本研究最後提出與時間副詞相關教學建議，以期能為華語教學帶來助益。Chinese time adverbs play an important role in the development direction and state of the event (Guo., 1984； Zhang Y. S., 2000). Among them, the diversity of time adverbs can be based on the tense, observe the sequence of time development from the perspective of a bystander, and express the relative time concept of time flow. The common classifications are past, present, and future; it can also be tense, observing events from the perspective of the parties to the event Time and state in development (Lv Shuxiang, 1942), indicating that time adverbs not only cover the concept of time, highlight the characteristics of action state to improve comprehension, but also increase the integrity of language (Lu.& Ma. 1989; Zhang. Y., 2000 ). After exploring the past studies of time adverbs, there are not many studies that mainly focus on semantics, and consider the importance of vocabulary learning (Milton, 2009), so this study focuses on 52 adverbs of time that appear in textbooks. Based on the concept of aspect, it is classified according to "whether the event is complete", "the stage of the state" and "state type". Then, using the corpus of Academia Sinica Balanced Corpus 4.0, various types of timeadverbs are discussed from the semantic aspect Semantics of different time adverbs, to establish the semantic features of the various time adverbs, and then conduct a comprehensive comparison and discussion of the state types of the time adverbs of the completed appearance and the unfinished appearance of the time adverbs in"whether the event is complete", and propose a teaching method based on the content of this study suggestion. This study divides time adverbs into 15 groups of near-synonyms based on event stage, status and semantic classification, and through the corpus analysis of the corpus, we can understand the differences between time adverbs in detail; at the same time, according to the classification results, we can understand whether they are complete Appearance and state are closely related. Generally,the time adverbs of perfective appearance are all events that have happened in the past, so the narrator clearly knows the beginning and end of the event and the change process of a period of time; while the timeadverb of imperfective appearance emphasizes the change of state , and even implies uncertainty and emotion about the event. Finally, according to the research results, this study finally puts forward teaching suggestions related to adverbs of time, in order to bring benefits to Chinese teaching.