漢語副詞「又」之語義與語用分析

Abstract

本章從語義和語用的角度考察副詞「又」在漢語使用中的表現。漢語副詞「又」具有多項意義，可劃分為詞彙意義和推論意義。「又」的詞彙意義在話語中具有連接語言成分的作用，可表達重複義、相繼義、並列義、遞進義、轉折義；而「又」的推論意義主要的言談作用是作用在否定句和反問句中呈現說話者情態的表達。 根據本論文的分析，無論是「又」詞彙意義或是推論意義，它們都是從同一核心語義「積累」延伸演化而來的：詞彙意義中的各義項皆源自於「積累」，作用於否定句的「又」來自於詞彙意義中的轉折義，而作用於反問句中的「又」則來自詞彙意義中的遞進義。這些意義與用法是一詞多義的關係。儘管「又」所連接的前項在話語中常被省略，但是「又」具有連接前、後項的規約隱含，可以引導聽話者感知前項的存在。「又」推論意義的來源在其強化情態的現象中扮演很重要的角色。作用於否定句的推論意義「又」藉著否定某一必要條件來形成對上文的反駁，而說話者藉著這個反駁來強化自己論點的正當性。強化「又」的否定句的情態因素還包括梯級(scale)參照點移位等。作用於反問句的推論意義「又」則指出在遞進關係的前提下，前項若沒有發生，後項斷然亦無發生的可能性，因此產生了強化語氣的作用。 最後，我們以關聯理論、禮貌策略、經濟原則等理論來探討推論意義「又」以及其所作用的反問句和否定句對話語交際中扮演的角色。希望讀者透過本論文對「又」各義項間的來龍去脈以及其在語義上、在語用上導致的作用能有一個全盤且深入的認識。In this thesis, the meanings of the Chinese adverb “you” are divided to two categories:(a) “lexical meanings”, which are used to connect linguistic elements, to specify “repetition”, “succession” ,“juxtaposition”, “increment”, “contrast”; and (b)“inferential meanings” , which occur in negative sentences and rhetorical questions to refer to the modality and the manner of utterance. We think that both “lexical meanings” and “inferential meanings” of the adverbs are derived from its core meaning of this adverb “you”, viz. “accumulation”. In addition, the inferential “you” in negative sentences is developed through “contrast”, and the inferential “you” in rhetorical questions through “increment”. Therefore the relationship among these different usages of “you” is polysemous. The first part of two two speeches connected by lexical meanings of “you” is often omitted or hidden in the contexts. It is the conventional implicature of “you” that assists the interlocuters secure the intended interpretation. The inferential meanings of “you” impact modality through the interactions between their lexical meanings, namely “contrast” and “increment”, and the contexts. Scale reasoning is also involved in affecting the modality in the negative sentences with “you”. Lastly, the roles that the inferential “you” play in communication are also examined by the “Theory of Relevance”, the “Politeness Strategies”, and the “Economic Principle”. We hope this thesis can provide an overall and insightful perspective on the semantic meanings and pragmatic functions of “you”.