歌德敘事詩《魔王》相關藝術歌曲創作比較性研究－以賴夏德、車爾特、舒伯特、呂偉、貝多芬為例

Abstract

翻譯自赫爾德(Johann Gottfried Herder 1744-1803)《魔王的女兒》(Erlkönigs Tochter)之歌德(Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, 1749- 1832)敘事詩《魔王》(Der Erlkönig)於1781年出版問世後流傳甚遠，至今仍持續在文學與藝術領域出版各類詩作、作畫與樂曲，甚至被翻譯與改編。自18世紀開始至19世紀在音樂領域方面，先後多達35位作曲家以《魔王》創作各具特色的藝術歌曲，其中不乏被翻譯成其他國家語言。本研究挑選五位與原詩作者歌德同時代之敘事歌曲《魔王》作品；以賴夏德(Johann Friedrich Reichardt, 1752-1814)、車爾特(Carl Friedrich Zelter, 1758-1832)、舒伯特(Franz Peter Schubert, 1797-1828)、呂偉(Johann Karl Gottfried Loewe, 1796-1869)及貝多芬(Ludwig van Beethoven, 1770-1827)未完成的手稿為例。 本研究先釐清德國敘事詩文學於17、18世紀崛起之因與發展過程為何，並對音樂上敘事歌曲之影響與關係，其後針對詩人歌德分析《魔王》詩作起源、形式與特色，了解同時代歌德與五位音樂家間的關係，及歌德對音樂的觀念與背景，分別從社會背景、作曲家與詩人關係影響下，瞭解五位作曲家對於詩歌內容、風格表現、創作與詮釋之異同，及形式架構與語言韻律、節奏如何影響音樂創作，抑或是給予音樂家更大的空間發揮餘地等做樂曲整合性比較。探究《魔王》為何能受眾多作曲家譜曲，而與歌德關係最不密切的舒伯特，為何能在眾多《魔王》歌曲中能一支獨秀的矗立在浩瀚音樂史中屹立不搖。Since its publication in 1781, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s Ballad "Der Erlkönig", which was translated from Erlkönigs Tochter written by Johann Gottfried Herder, has been widely spread. Various poetries, drawings, music, and even translated works as well as adaptations are still created and published to this day. From 18th century to 19th century, up to 35 composers created artistic works in the field of music based on Der Erlkönig. Among them, many works were translated into other languages as well. This study selects 5 works of Lieds whose writers were at the same era as Goethe; the works include the ones written by Johann Friedrich Reichardt (1752-1814), Carl Friedrich Zelter (1758-1832), Franz Peter Schubert(1797-1828), Johann Karl Gottfried Loewe (1796-1869), and Ludwig van Beethoven(1770-1827), whose work was an incomplete draft.From social background as well as the relationship between composers and poets respectively, the differences on poetries’ contents, representations, creations, and interpretations of the 5 composers are understood. How framework and linguistic prosody and cadence of the poetries either influence the creation of the music or give the musicians more room to perform is also analyzed for integrated comparison on the composition. Firstly, this study will clarify the cause of its rise and development process of the literature of German Ballad in 17th and 18th century. Also, from the influences and relationships of Lieds, the origin, form, and characteristics of the poet Goethe’s Der Erlkönig are analyzed, and the relationships between Goethe and the 5 musicians at the same era will be understood. Goethe’s concept and background on music will be used to discuss how Der Erlkönig could attract so many composers to make musical works for it as well. Last but not least, we’ll discover how Schubert, who didn’t have the closet relationship with Goethe, could stand out and create one that never falls among the various works of Der Erlkönig in the great history of music.