日籍學生對華語塞音的聽辨感知

Abstract

本研究以語圖分析的方式比較華語塞音和日語塞音的特徵，並經由聽辨實驗探討日籍人士較不容易判斷的華語塞音。語圖分析的結果顯示，日語清音VOT取決於塞音位置，詞首（開頭位置）清音會送氣，詞中（開頭以外）清音則不送氣，與詞首及詞中的濁音相似。日語詞中清音的前接元音較短且持阻時長較長，日語詞中濁音的前接元音較長且持阻時長較短。華語塞音不會受到塞音位置影響，送氣音的VOT大於日語詞首清音，不送氣音的VOT與日語詞中清音及濁音VOT的正值相似。無論是送氣音或不送氣音，華語詞中塞音持阻時長與前接元音都沒有顯著的相關性，且前接元音比日語清濁音長得多。聽辨測驗的結果顯示，無論塞音位置在詞首或詞中，日語母語者大多會將華語送氣音聽成日語清音、將華語不送氣音聽成日語濁音，但有時會將高基頻起調（陰平及去聲）的不送氣音聽成日語清音，將低基頻起調（陽平及上聲）送氣音聽成濁音。對日籍人士而言，相較於送氣音，華語不送氣音更難聽辨。

In this study, Mandarin stop sounds were compared with Japanese stop sounds by spectrum analysis, and the Mandarin stop sounds, which were less easily determined by Japanese learners, were investigated by auditory perception test. The results of the spectrum analysis showed that VOT of Japanese voiceless stops depends on the stop position of words, and the initial stops are aspirated, while the medial stops are not aspirated, similar to the voiced stops. In Japanese voiceless stops in medial position, the preceding vowel duration is shorter, and the stop gap duration is longer ,while in voiced stops, the preciding vowel is longer and the stop gap is shorter. In Mandarin, regardless of stop position, the VOT of the aspirated stops is larger than the VOT of the Japanese initial voiceless stops, and the VOT of the unaspirated consonants is similar to the positive VOT of the Japanese voiced stops. There was no significant correlation between the duration of stop gap and the duration of preceding vowel for either the aspirated or unaspirated stops.The results of the auditory perception test showed that regardless of the position of the stops at the initial or in the middle of the word, Japanese native speakers mostly listened to the Mandarin aspirated stops as a Japanese voiceless stops and the Mandarin unaspirated stops as a Japanese voiced stops, but sometimes listened to the unaspirated stops in the high-frequency onset (first tone and forth tone) as a Japanese voiceless stops and the low-frequency onset (second tone and third tone) as voiced stops. For Japanese speakers, it is more difficult to distinguish Mandarin unaspirated stops than aspirated stops.