高齡畫家創造力之研究—以Csikszentmihalyi創造力系統模型探析
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2015
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本研究旨在探究畫家在高齡期前後的創造力變化、影響此創造力之內外部因素、畫家面對這些因素的因應策略，與他們持續發展創造力的實踐，並由此進一步地嘗試理解高齡期創造力的意涵。
本研究以Csikszentmihalyi的系統模型理論為基礎。以立意取向選擇四位臺灣的傑出高齡畫家做為研究對象；在資料收集上，以深度訪談為主，輔以蒐集與畫家相關之畫冊書籍、藝評評論、與文獻檔案，並至展場看展及聆聽畫家演講等，以探究這些畫家何以具有源源不斷的創作能量。此外，亦邀請具鑑賞能力之三位畫家協助檢視本研究對象在高齡期前後的畫作變化，以強化本研究之信效度。
經檢視與四位畫家相關的研究材料後，本研究有以下發現：
一、就四位畫家高齡期前後創造力的變化與產生變化的因素而言：(一)此四位畫家認為創作在高齡期仍有突破的可能；(二)創作數量非因年齡而有所差異，若創作減少係因對某些創作題材的熱情及感受不若以往、媒材轉變、或生命事件影響等因素，非因生理心理社會老化的原因；(三)創作品質隨技法而更純熟，加上時間與經驗的累積，創作整體水準更整齊；(四)創作內涵部分，在高齡期之前，畫家從聯想思考去開發獨創技法，高齡期後，畫家則融合自己獨創的技法，並直觀表達其想法；(五)高齡期後，創作畫面隨高齡畫家心境、視野而有所轉變。
二、Csikszentmihalyi創造力系統模型是以個人、學門、領域之間的交互作用為主軸，本研究利用此創造力模型來做分析，發現高齡期創造力在個人、學門和領域間未必都有互動或影響。高齡畫家之創造力受個人影響最大，包括其創作信念、身心靈社會面向的成功老化、生命事件與人生體悟等。而個人和學門之間的聯結，就是畫家的創作，畫家以其畫作展現創造力，而畫壇其他學門守門人，如收藏家、學生或同儕等則是接納、詮釋、傳遞高齡畫家的創造力信息，接受高齡畫家以守門人或領頭羊的方式所發揮的影響力。在領域方面，高齡畫家是為了自我突破，而持續吸收其他領域的新知，希望可以融合於其創作之中，這些創造力展現是否在領域系統永久常存，則是由學門將來的守門人決定。因此，將高齡畫家創造力與學門、領域系統變化之研究結果歸納為：(一)與學門的良性互動有助於持續創作動機的強化；(二)不接觸敗壞情緒與不感興趣的人事物；(三)學門其他守門人的重要性逐漸淡化；(四)受環境影響較少，廣泛吸收跨領域知識。
三、就老化過程與四位畫家創造力變化的關聯而言： (一)此四位畫家進入高齡期後，在生理、心理和社會三個老化面向，均朝成功老化發展；(二)「適應力」對於高齡期創造力的發揮是重要因素；(三)強化身心運作有助創造力持續發揮；(四)高齡期創造力強調精神層面，智慧使創作具深刻內涵；(五)藝術創作及持續學習與成功老化互有助益。
四、為因應高齡期所需之調整，他們主要以四種調整策略，包括(一)建立支
援性系統；(二)心理調整；(三)尋求替代方案或專注於強項；(四)學習。本研究歸納出，高齡畫家為創造力之永續發展而有五大實踐：(一)保持健康及以獨創一格的紀律在創作；(二)持續自我學習，著重在定靜專注；(三)適度的壓力以持續創作；(四)多用腦思考；(五)不間斷從事自己喜歡的事。
最後，本研究認為高齡期創造力意涵，以畫家為例則包含(一)創造力受內在動機影響，創作呈現畫家的內心情感與個人心靈視野；(二)畫家進行傳承、發揮影響力；(三)畫家廣泛吸收跨領域知識以尋求自我突破；(四)其創作對社會與人類文化有所貢獻。
The main purpose of this research is to investigate the changes of creativity for aging artist painters, the internal and external factors affecting such changes and the painters’ responding strategies, and their practice for developing sustainable creativity. In this research, four outstanding Taiwanese senior painters were purposively sampled. In-depth interview was the major method of this study, supplemented by collecting artists’ painting-albums and books, reviewing art critics and documentaries, visiting relevant exhibitions, and attending their speeches. In addition, in order to enhance the reliability and creditability of this research, three professional painters were invited to participate in assessing these painters’ changes of paintings. Basically, this research analyzed the artists’ sustainable creativity via the systems model developed by Csikszentmihalyi. After inspecting the materials of the four cases, the findings of this research are as follows : 1. The relations of the changes of creativity and relevant factors: (1) Painters believe artistic break-through are still possible even in aged period; (2) The quantities of their creation do not decrease even though in old age. If there is any decrease, it is due to less passion for certain topics, changes of painting media, or important life events; (3) The quality of the artworks gets better and more even with the painters’ more mature skills, techniques and experiences. (4) Before their aged period, the painters tended to develop unique techniques/skills by “associated thinking” as their artistic approach. After that, the artists use their own integrated and unique skills to directly express their thoughts. (5) After the aged period, the painters tend to have different mindsets and visions, and thus create different artwork. 2. Based on creativity systems model created by Csikszentmihalyi, this research found that the systems model is partially applicable to the development of creativity for senior painters. Among the three systems, “individual”, which includes artistic faith, successful aging, important life events and their understanding about life, is the most important system that affects the senior artists’ creativity transformation. The painters’ art creations, representing explicitly their creativity, are the connection between the “individual” and the “field” systems. Other gatekeepers in the “field”, such as collectors, students and peer artists, may embrace, interpret, and/or propagate the creativity messages passed by the senior painters, and are influenced by the senior painters with their leadership. In the aspect of the “domain” system, the senior painters have been seeking their own personal breakthroughs, while they continue absorbing but from other knowledge domain and hope to infuse these into their artworks. Nevertheless, whether these creativity showed by the painters’ artworks will last permanently in the domain or not is up to the future domain gatekeepers to decide. On the “field” and “domain” systems with respect to the senior painters’ creativity, this research concludes: (1) Virtuous interaction with the “field” helps them to strengthen their motivation for art creation; (2) The painters tend not to interact with uninteresting people or matters and those cause negative feelings; (3) They gradually pay less attention to the gatekeepers in the field; (4) They are influenced less by surrounding environment but are eager to absorb interdisciplinary knowledge extensively. 3. The relations of aging and the changes of the painters’ creativity: (1) all four painters are approaching toward “successful aging,” in terms of physiological aging, psychological aging, and social aging; (2) Resilience plays an important role in developing creativity during the aging period; (3) Strengthening cognitive function help maintaining and promoting creativity; (4) Spirituality is the main emphasis of their creativity, and wisdom is the shinning spot of such creativity; (5) Artistic creation and continuous learning help to achieve successful aging and vice versa. 4. In additional to the decline of physical conditions and psychological aging such as memory deterioration, the painters currently also face many challenges not related to aging, like computer literacy or time management. To cope these imminent need in their old age, they adopt four specific strategies: (1) establishing supporting systems; (2) adjusting their mindsets; (3) always having alternatives or only focusing on what they are good at; (4) learning. From the study of the four cases, this research also found that the painters take the following practices to sustain their development of creativity: (1) maintaining good health and keeping creating artworks with their own unique self-discipline; (2) continuing self-learning -- focusing on peacefulness and concentration; (3) exerting moderate self-pressure to sustain creating artworks; (4) taking more pondering; (5) continuing to engage in their favorite matters. Finally, this research found the meaning of creativity in old age, exemplified by these painters, are: (1) Creativity, influenced by internal motivation, expresses the painters’ inner feelings and spiritual vision; (2) The painters try to pass on their legacy and have influence through their creations; (3) They continue to absorb interdisciplinary knowledge extensively in order to make self-breakthrough; (4) Their art creations have been contributing to human cultures and societies.
The main purpose of this research is to investigate the changes of creativity for aging artist painters, the internal and external factors affecting such changes and the painters’ responding strategies, and their practice for developing sustainable creativity. In this research, four outstanding Taiwanese senior painters were purposively sampled. In-depth interview was the major method of this study, supplemented by collecting artists’ painting-albums and books, reviewing art critics and documentaries, visiting relevant exhibitions, and attending their speeches. In addition, in order to enhance the reliability and creditability of this research, three professional painters were invited to participate in assessing these painters’ changes of paintings. Basically, this research analyzed the artists’ sustainable creativity via the systems model developed by Csikszentmihalyi. After inspecting the materials of the four cases, the findings of this research are as follows : 1. The relations of the changes of creativity and relevant factors: (1) Painters believe artistic break-through are still possible even in aged period; (2) The quantities of their creation do not decrease even though in old age. If there is any decrease, it is due to less passion for certain topics, changes of painting media, or important life events; (3) The quality of the artworks gets better and more even with the painters’ more mature skills, techniques and experiences. (4) Before their aged period, the painters tended to develop unique techniques/skills by “associated thinking” as their artistic approach. After that, the artists use their own integrated and unique skills to directly express their thoughts. (5) After the aged period, the painters tend to have different mindsets and visions, and thus create different artwork. 2. Based on creativity systems model created by Csikszentmihalyi, this research found that the systems model is partially applicable to the development of creativity for senior painters. Among the three systems, “individual”, which includes artistic faith, successful aging, important life events and their understanding about life, is the most important system that affects the senior artists’ creativity transformation. The painters’ art creations, representing explicitly their creativity, are the connection between the “individual” and the “field” systems. Other gatekeepers in the “field”, such as collectors, students and peer artists, may embrace, interpret, and/or propagate the creativity messages passed by the senior painters, and are influenced by the senior painters with their leadership. In the aspect of the “domain” system, the senior painters have been seeking their own personal breakthroughs, while they continue absorbing but from other knowledge domain and hope to infuse these into their artworks. Nevertheless, whether these creativity showed by the painters’ artworks will last permanently in the domain or not is up to the future domain gatekeepers to decide. On the “field” and “domain” systems with respect to the senior painters’ creativity, this research concludes: (1) Virtuous interaction with the “field” helps them to strengthen their motivation for art creation; (2) The painters tend not to interact with uninteresting people or matters and those cause negative feelings; (3) They gradually pay less attention to the gatekeepers in the field; (4) They are influenced less by surrounding environment but are eager to absorb interdisciplinary knowledge extensively. 3. The relations of aging and the changes of the painters’ creativity: (1) all four painters are approaching toward “successful aging,” in terms of physiological aging, psychological aging, and social aging; (2) Resilience plays an important role in developing creativity during the aging period; (3) Strengthening cognitive function help maintaining and promoting creativity; (4) Spirituality is the main emphasis of their creativity, and wisdom is the shinning spot of such creativity; (5) Artistic creation and continuous learning help to achieve successful aging and vice versa. 4. In additional to the decline of physical conditions and psychological aging such as memory deterioration, the painters currently also face many challenges not related to aging, like computer literacy or time management. To cope these imminent need in their old age, they adopt four specific strategies: (1) establishing supporting systems; (2) adjusting their mindsets; (3) always having alternatives or only focusing on what they are good at; (4) learning. From the study of the four cases, this research also found that the painters take the following practices to sustain their development of creativity: (1) maintaining good health and keeping creating artworks with their own unique self-discipline; (2) continuing self-learning -- focusing on peacefulness and concentration; (3) exerting moderate self-pressure to sustain creating artworks; (4) taking more pondering; (5) continuing to engage in their favorite matters. Finally, this research found the meaning of creativity in old age, exemplified by these painters, are: (1) Creativity, influenced by internal motivation, expresses the painters’ inner feelings and spiritual vision; (2) The painters try to pass on their legacy and have influence through their creations; (3) They continue to absorb interdisciplinary knowledge extensively in order to make self-breakthrough; (4) Their art creations have been contributing to human cultures and societies.
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Csikszentmihalyi創造力系統模型, 老化, 高齡畫家, 創造力, 高齡期創造力, Csikszentmihalyi’s systems model, aging, senior painter, creativity, creativity in old age