法語語調與法籍華語學習者中介語聲調表現之關聯性

Abstract

本研究旨在探究法語語調與華語聲調表現之關聯性，試分析法語語調是否對華語聲調表現造成影響。本研究假設為二：一為法籍學習者在產出華語疑問句時，會傾向以法語疑問句上揚的語調習慣，將句子末字調發成升調。二為在產出華語敘述句時，法籍學習者會傾向以法語敘述句的語調習慣，將句子末字調發成降調。筆者設計一發音測驗分析法籍初中級華語學習者在華語語句的末字調聲調表現。研究對象共9名，2位女性以及7位男性。此發音測驗共28句疑問句以及4句敘述句，測驗進行方式為角色對話，以受試者與筆者對話的形式自然產出測驗語句，筆者擷取對話內容中的32個華語句子進行分析。筆者將蒐集到的語料利用Praat針對各句子末字調音高表現進行聲學分析，並同時對照華語母語者語圖，以此觀察兩者華語聲調表現之異同。根據研究結果顯示，法籍華語學習者在疑問句末字陽平調的末字調正確率最高，且將偏誤聲調發成陽平調的百分比也最高，由此可推斷法籍華語學習者在產出華語疑問句時受到母語遷移的影響可能性大。另外，法籍華語學習者在敘述句末字上聲調的末字調正確率最高，且將偏誤聲調發成陽平調的百分比最高，此與本研究假設之一不盡相符，筆者並不排除與母語語調的關聯性。本研究最後依據發音測驗結果提出針對華語聲調與句調的變化的教學建議。另外，文末提出後續研究展望，提供未來研究者與華語教師參考。

This study examines the relationship between French intonation and Mandarin tone in French Chinese learners, and analyzes whether French intonation has an influence on Mandarin tone performance. There are two hypotheses in this study: first, when French learners produce Chinese interrogative sentences, they have a tendency to produce the last lexical tone into a rising tone, which is coherent with the French interrogative intonation. Second, when French learners produce Chinese declarative sentences, they have a tendency to produce the last lexical tone into a falling tone, which is coherent with the French declarative intonation.We created a Mandarin production experiment for French learners, and gathered 9 participants. The production experiment is conducted through a one-on-one role-play dialogue between the researcher and the participant, where the participants are asked to produce Mandarin sentences in a spontaneous speech. We extract 32 Chinese sentences, including 28 interrogative sentences and 4 declarative sentences from the dialogue, we then further analyze their lexical tones located at the end of each sentence by using the acoustic analysis software Praat. At the same time, we observe the similarities and differences of tone performance between the French native speakers and the Chinese native speakers.Upon executing the experiment, we observe the following results: first, in the interrogative sentences, French learners have the highest accuracy rate of rising tone at the end of the sentences, and also the highest rate of mispronouncing other tones into rising tone. These results are consistent with the first hypothesis, suggesting that French learners are more likely to be affected by French intonation when producing Chinese interrogative sentences. Second, in declarative sentences, French learners have the highest accuracy rate in low tone at the end of the sentences, and the highest rate of mispronouncing other tones into rising tone, which is inconsistent with the second hypothesis. We discuss further the correlation with the French intonation.At the end of this study, we provided two teaching suggestions about the production of Mandarin tones and intonation. We also propose advice and directions for future researchers and Chinese teachers at the end of this study.