條件關聯連接詞「只要」與「只有」和假設關聯連接詞「如果」與「要是」之語義、語法及語用探究

Abstract

華語關聯詞語包含連接詞、副詞和短語等，扮演連接語句和承上啟下的關鍵角色（呂叔湘、朱德熙，1952）。其中，關聯連接詞可以連接單句中的句法成分和分句，不但使前後分句的關係更為緊密，增加段落與篇章間的連貫性（Halliday& Hasan, 1976），還能提升訊息整合與閱讀理解的效益（詹益綾、柯華葳，2010）。 奠基於學者們過去的研究，本研究融合語義、語法和語用三層面分析條件關聯連接詞「只要」與「只有」和假設關聯連接詞「如果」與「要是」，探究四個詞語的歷時語義和語法化演變過程，再透過真實語料瞭解其在句子中所表現之語法結構，如常見搭配詞等，最後以問卷探求「只要」、「只有」、「如果」與「要是」在語境中表達的語用功能，比較條件和假設關聯連接詞的語用功能是否有所差異，期待本研究能提供華語教材編寫和教學時的參考。 研究結果顯示，語義層面中條件關聯連接詞「只要」和「只有」最初為詞組「副詞+動詞」，受語境、搭配副詞和大量地使用而演變為今日的條件關聯連接詞，分別表示充分和必要條件關係，而假設關聯連接詞「如果」與「要是」中的單詞最初即具假設義，受雙音節連接詞和使用慣例化的影響，語法化為今日常用之假設關聯連接詞；就語法層面而論，關聯連接詞的常見搭配關聯副詞為「就」與「才」，其中假設關聯連接詞常以連接詞「的話」標示出假設條件，本研究也統計了條件成分在句中的位置和常見搭配副詞的比例，支持前人提出之「條件在前，結果在後」的句法順序（Comrie, 1986; Diessel, 2001）；就語用層面而言，華語母語者認為「只有」句中條件達成難度高於「只要」，但卻難以區辨「如果」和「要是」語氣強弱和主客觀差異，故可知兩者的語用功能相近。

There are various linking words in Mandarin, including conjunction, conjunctive adverb and conjunctive phrase. Not only do these linguistic devices join sentence materials, but they also create cohesion (Lü& Zhu, 1952). Conjunction, in particular, serves as a connector between words, phrases, statements, etc. With the use of conjuction, the relationships between clauses are encoded and the cohesion in discourse is increased (Halliday & Hasan, 1976). Moreover, conjunction helps develop the texts and improve the performance of reading comprehension (Chan & Ko, 2010).

On the basis of previous research, this study aims to investigate the conditional conjunctions, zhǐyào and zhǐyǒu, and the subjunctive conjunctions, rúguǒ and yàoshì, from a semantic, syntactic to pragmatic perspective altogether. The historical semantic and changes of the conjunctions were discussed. The grammatical construction including the order of sentence structure, as well as the collocation, were examined using the corpus. Also, the study asked the native Mandarin speakers from Taiwan to differentiate the pragmatic use within two groups of conjunctions— zhǐyào versus zhǐyǒu, and rúguǒ versus yàoshì. It is hoped that the results of this study will help the instructors in Mandarin teaching and compiling textbooks.In the semantic analysis, it showed that conditional conjunctions zhǐyào and zhǐyǒu were originally made up of the adverb zhǐ and a verb. Affected by context, collocated adverbs and widely use, zhǐyào and zhǐyǒu evolved and denoted sufficient and necessary condition. As for rúguǒ and yàoshì, the phrases derived from words suggesting hypothetical meaning. Influenced by the two-syllable words and conventional pairs, both the subjunctive conjunctions were grammaticalized as time gone by. In termsof syntax, the common adverbs collocated with conjunctions are jiù and cái. Whereas dehuà, the conjunctions had a preference to appear at the end of conditions indicated by rúguǒ and yàoshì. In addition, the study supported previous findings on the antecedent-consequent order (Comrie, 1986; Diessel, 2001). Regarding the pragmatic analysis, the native Mandarin speakers could tell that the conditions described by zhǐyǒu are harder to reach than described by zhǐyào. However, on the tone and objective/ subjective perception test, it showed no particular preference for rúguǒ and yàoshì. The study concluded that the subjunctive conjunctions, rúguǒ and yàoshì, have a similar pragmatic function.