漢語副詞「甚至」的篇章分析與教學啟示

Abstract

針對現代漢語副詞「甚至」之研究，現行研究以語義和句法層面的分析為多，篇章方面的討論較少。本研究以Halliday（1985）提出的三大純理功能為分析架構，並依概念（ideational）、篇章（textual）、人際（interpersonal）三層面，探討現代漢語副詞「甚至」之篇章功能，並討論其在語義、篇章、語用三層面之互動。研究者從漢語語料庫中蒐集400筆真實語料以進行實證研究，藉由分析實際語料進一步釐清其用法。在篇章層面，「甚至」大多出現在主語與謂語之間，以句內範距為無標形式、句外範距為有標形式。前者範距小為局部銜接，帶出句尾焦點。然而，範距大帶出的為「句尾焦點」和「狀語焦點」，並未帶出對比焦點。因此，與研究假設不同。由於「甚至」為「遞進功能」而非轉折功能，故帶出「句尾焦點」而非對比焦點。其次，「甚至」句在跨句篇章中通常為焦點句（68.75%），也可作補述句（31.25%）。在篇章前後景中，「甚至」大部份作為篇章背景（99%），鮮少在前景中。我們發現「甚至」雖位於背景中，但其位置在較靠近前景的背景中。因此，「甚至」通常作為背景中「較新的背景」。綜合上述研究結果，研究者進一步分析現行華語教材內容，並提出教學排序建議。根據上述研究成果，提出對「甚至」的教學語法描述，並補足教材中解釋不足之處，期望能使華語教師或學習者皆有清楚可遵循的教學順序。In previous research, discussions of the modern Chinese adverb “shenzhi” are more on the semantic aspect and syntactic aspect than discourse aspect. In order to have a comprehensive view, this study is based on the theoretical framework of metafunctions of language that was proposed by Halliday (1985), which comprised ideational, textual, and interpersonal functions. Based on the functions mentioned, the study probes into the discourse functions of adverb “shenzhi” then discusses its interaction in three aspects.We collected 400 authentic instances from the Chinese corpus for empirical research and clarified its usage by analyzing the actual performance attested in the corpus data. On the discourse level, “shenzhi” mostly appears after the sentence subject. In terms of focus, “shenzhi” serves as local link, establishing a smaller discourse scope which carries with it the end focus. Moreover, when “shenzhi” serves as global link, it establishes a larger discourse scope that carries with it the end focus and adverbial focus which differs from the research hypothesis. Due to “shenzhi” represents incremental function instead of an adversatives function, it brings out the end focus instead of the contrast focus. Furthermore, “shenzhi” usually appears in focused sentences (68.75%) in cross-sentence passages, and can also be used as after-thought sentences (31.25%). As for the “Backgrounding to Foregrounding” function, “shenzhi” often act as backgrounding in paragraphs (99%), but it was positioned in the background closer to the foreground and rarely presented in the foreground(1%). Therefore, “shenzhi” is often used as a"newer background" within the background. Based on the above research results, the researcher proposes a description of the teaching grammar of “shenzhi”, and fills in the explanation deficiencies in the textbooks, hoping that Chinese teachers can have a clear learning order. Last but not least, the findings of this study are provided in order to provide some guidelines for Chinese language teaching and learning.