從羽毛筆到鉛字印刷塊─以《複音音樂百曲集》論佩特魯奇與文藝復興時期之印刷產業興盛

Abstract

在音樂史上，之所以有如此多的作品得以流傳至今，不但得賴以樂譜的發明，讓這項抽象的藝術獲得了被記載的機會；更要重視的是音樂印刷術的發明以及大量應用。在文藝復興時期，做為一位印刷工人，佩特魯奇 (Ottaviano Petrucci, 1466 -1539) 本身對於音樂並無專業上的能力，但是他卻選擇了研究並印刷出版樂譜、而非其他類型的書本資料。也正是因為他的發明，才讓音樂的出版以及音樂家的商業行為得以蓬勃發展，逐漸形成了完整的產業型態。《複音音樂百曲集》 (Harmonice Musices Odhecaton) 為佩特魯奇所出版的第一本世俗複音音樂曲集，內容包含了多位當時音樂家之世俗作品，並且由其編輯佩特魯斯 (Petrus Castellanus, 1480-1552) 修飾精心挑選後出版成冊，成為了西方音樂史上第一本以世俗音樂為主的樂譜出版品。該曲集收錄了96首作品，透過研究收錄之作品，可以分析出文藝復興時期流行之歌曲形式，同時也能夠從這本珍貴的資料當中，窺見當時在世俗音樂審美上的特徵。本研究將從佩特魯奇的音樂印刷發明以及文藝復興時期活字版印刷術的興起開始著眼，並以《複音音樂百曲集》作為全文之中心，分析音樂印刷技術的早期歷史、印刷出版商與音樂家在商業上的合作關係，以及從樂曲的角度去認識文藝復興時期的世俗音樂特色，進而了解音樂家在商業上進行創作時的訴求。

In the history of music, the works that remain to this day owes not only to the invention of musical notation, which allowed this abstract art to be documented, but also to the invention and widespread application of music printing technology. During the Renaissance period, as a printer, Ottaviano Petrucci (1466-1539) himself lacked professional expertise in music, yet he chose to study and print music scores instead of other types of literature. It was his invention that facilitated the flourishing of music publishing and commercial activities among musicians, gradually forming a complete industry.Petrucci's first secular polyphonic music collection, Harmonice Musices Odhecaton A, contained secular works by various composers. Edited and carefully selected by Petrucci himself, it became the first publication in Western music history to focus primarily on secular music. The collection comprised 96 works, through which the popular song forms of the Renaissance period can be analyzed, along with insights into the aesthetic characteristics of secular music at that time. This study will beginwith Petrucci's invention of music printing and the rise of movable type printing during the Renaissance period, with Harmonice Musices Odhecaton A as its focal point. It will analyze the early history of music printing technology, the commercial collaboration between printers and musicians, and explore the characteristics of secular music during the Renaissance period from a musical perspective. This will provide insight into the demands of musicians in the commercial realm of composition.