王闓運的女子教育思想與實踐研究

Abstract

中國傳統女子教育向來遵循「男尊女卑」、「男女有別」、「男主外、女主內」三項基本原則，並以家庭教育作為主要的教育形式。晚清時期，隨著西方思潮的傳入，女性地位開始受到重視，諸如反纏足、反貞節觀、婚姻自主、知識教育等議題不斷衝擊傳統思想。而湖南名士王闓運，身為晚清保守知識份子之一，對女子教育卻抱持相對開放與支持的態度，在這段新舊衝突與磨合的過程中，透過妻妾互動與教育自己的十個女兒，走出一條有別於傳統女子教育與新式女子教育的道路。其女子教育思想與實踐，不僅結合周代禮制、童蒙教育、書院教育的方式，更將眼光投向先秦禮教與婦道，並結合自身的學習與教育經驗，既不像傳統女子教育般受限於三從四德，亦不像新式女子教育般教授西學知識。王闓運的女子教育思想與實踐，雖非當時女子教育發展的主流，但他在女子教育上所做的各種努力與嘗試，仍可提供當時女子教育的參考與借鑑，在晚清女子教育發展與家庭教育變革中，自有其獨特之處。The aim of this thesis is to explore the women’s educational thought and practice of Wang Kai-Yun, a traditional intellectual in the Late Qing. Chinese traditional women's education has always followed the three basic principles: equality of male and female, separation of men and women, and male for public area and female for domestic one. Family education was always the basic type of women’s education. However, in the late Qing Dynasty, when Western thoughts were introduced, the status of Chinese women was gradually valued. Issues such as anti-foot-binding, anti-chastity, free marriage, and knowledge education continually impacted traditional thinking. As a traditional intellectual, Wang Kai-yun held a relatively open and supportive attitude toward women's education. Through interacting with his wife and concubines, and teaching his ten daughters, he took a way for women's education different from those of traditional and western ones. He combined not only the forms of ancient etiquette, children's education, and academy education, but also the ethics for women in pre-Qin and personal experience of learning and education. His thought and practice of women’s education were neither limited on traditional women's virtues, nor followed the new type of women's education to learn Western knowledge. Although his way was not the mainstream of women's education, his ideas and efforts for women’s education were still worth to be a reference for the women’s education at that time.