網路新聞讀者留言的不禮貌語言行為研究

Abstract

本研究旨在探討話語或篇章（discourse）的不禮貌如何形成，並建立一個不禮貌語言行為的理想化認知模型。本文以網路新聞的讀者留言為語料進行觀察，獲得具高度真實性、具有一定程度之認知普遍性的不禮貌語言現象；認知語言學的概念有心理真實性的支持，其中的認知模式可將語言行為以及與行為相關的主客觀因素如動機、語境、概念、知識、手段…等都納入一個認知框架來解釋，可較為全面地揭示不禮貌語言行為的本質。具體研究發現讀者發表意見乃基於個人的知識模式與要理解的內容匹配結果出現落差，而表現為反對、批評、抱怨等語言行為，並以各種具有人際意義的詞語為表述媒介，腳本/計畫知識模式與人際詞語是引發網路上不禮貌語言行為的認知因素與語言因素，兩者相輔相成構成一段話語或一個語言行為的互動性。不禮貌語言行為是一個概念化的事件範疇，由言語角色、個人特徵、語言等物體與生物體範疇，以及說話行為範疇所組成。不禮貌語言行為的理想化認知模型由禮貌概念認知模型與語言行為認知模型所組成，禮貌概念認知模型的結構成分，包括語境、語用規約，以及和諧取向三個認知模型。語言行為認知模型則含有策略、語力行為、隱喻/轉喻三個認知模型。策略認知模型由策略概念模型以及語言手段模型構成，本研究以策略概念取代多數文獻對策略分類的作法，以「做什麼」的概念駕馭「怎麼做」的行為，對應了「不禮貌語言行為是結合物體/生物體範疇與行為範疇的事件範疇」的認知屬性。

The main goal of this dissertation is to explore the impoliteness built up by a discourse and to construct an ideal cognitive model (ICM) of impolite speech acts. Examples of impolite speech acts are drawn from comments posted on Chinese news websites. The online comments provide authentic and commonly recognizable impoliteness and draw out the attribute of impolite speech acts. This research utilizes cognitive linguistics as the proposed framework to suggest that conflicts between readers’ knowledge model and what the news stories reflect often drive the readers to make online comments. When the conflicts are serious, the reader expresses his or her disagreement, criticism, or complaint as impolite speech acts through linguistic forms with interpersonal meaning. Two knowledge models (including that of script and that of plan) act as cognitive triggers for impoliteness, while interpersonal words act as linguistic triggers. They constitute the interactivity of a discourse or a speech act. This research considers impolite speech acts as a conceptualized event category composed of object categories of speech roles, personal characteristics, and language as well as behavior category of speech acts. Conceptual and behavioral cognitive models of impoliteness constitute the ICM of impolite speech acts. Context, pragmatic conventions and rapport orientation are components of conceptual cognitive model of impoliteness, while strategy, illocutionary behavior and metaphor/metonymy components of behavioral cognitive model of speech acts. Concept of strategy is one of the component models of strategy cognitive model. Based on a comprehensive discussion of this concept, this research recategorizes impolite strategies with a focus on their practical purposes.