華語與越語感謝之語用策略對比與華語教學建議

Abstract

不同的語境文化會導致溝通模式有所不同，日常生活的感謝言語行為也不例外。感謝不僅是表達心意的工具，還是建立良好人際關係的關鍵因素。因此能得體地運用感謝策略也極為重要，尤其是對二語學習者。現今越籍學習者學習華語的需求越來越多，但對比華語與越語的感謝行為研究稀少，難以滿足越籍學習者的需求。正因如此，本研究參考東西方和越南的禮貌準則，再以李麗娜（2004b）和Do（2019）的研究成果為基礎，整合出兩組母語者常使用的語用策略及其語言形式，同時提供出各種社會變因對兩組母語選用策略的影響。最後以越籍學習者為教學對象，提出具體教案範例。希望能補充華語與越語感謝言語行為語用策略的分析與對比研究成果，作為後續相關研究或教學應用的參考。本研究結果顯示，感謝言語行為的語用策略可分成兩大類：主體策略和輔助策略。這兩大類中又分成不同策略類型。主體策略部分，兩組母語者皆傾向選用「專門感謝詞語」。輔助策略部分，整體來看，華語語料中出現頻率最高的前三種策略類型依序為拒絕式、承諾式、抒情式和道歉式；越語則是承諾式、拒絕式、抒情式。在與其他策略搭配情況下，兩組母語者使用感謝輔助策略時皆最傾向使用兩種策略結構，其中最常使用的有五種策略組合。各種變因對兩組母語者的影響大多是一致，以「社會地位」因素為例，兩組皆傾向主體策略和各種形式混合使用。教學應用部分，本研究運用上述的研究結果提出教學建議，設計參考教案，使用「記憶未來」與「行為演練」原則，結合課上的「策略歸類」、「角色扮演」等活動培養越籍學習者在跨文化溝通情況下之語用能力。Different contextual cultures will lead to different communication patterns, and speech acts of gratitude in daily life are no exception. Gratitude is not only a tool to express your feelings, but also a key factor in building good relationships. Therefore, it is extremely important to use gratitude strategies appropriately, especially for second language learners. Nowadays, there is an increasing demand for Vietnamese learners to learn Chinese, but there are few studies comparing Chinese and Vietnamese gratitude behaviors, making it difficult to meet the needs of Vietnamese learners.For this reason, this study refers to the politeness norms of the East, West and Vietnam, and based on the research results of Li Lina (2004b) and Do (2019), integrates the pragmatic strategies and language forms commonly used by the two groups of native speakers, and at the same time Provides the influence of various social factors on the mother tongue selection strategies of the two groups. Finally, specific lesson plan examples were proposed with Vietnamese learners as the teaching target. It is hoped that it can supplement the analysis and comparative research results on the pragmatic strategies of thank speech acts in Chinese and Vietnamese, and serve as a reference for subsequent related research or teaching applications.The results of this study show that the pragmatic strategies of thank speech acts can be divided into two categories: main strategies and auxiliary strategies. These two categories are further divided into different strategy types. In the main strategy part, both groups of native speakers tended to use"special words of thanks". As for the auxiliary strategies, overall, the top three strategy types that appear most frequently in Chinese corpus are rejection, commitment, lyrical and apology; in Vietnamese, they are commitment, rejection and lyrical. When paired with other strategies, both groups of native speakers tend to use two strategy structures when using the gratitude auxiliary strategy, among which five strategy combinations are most commonly used. Most of the influences of various factors on the two groups of native speakers are consistent. Taking the"social status" factor as an example, both groups tend to use the main strategy and a mixture of various forms. In the teaching application part, this study uses the above research results to put forward teaching suggestions, designs reference lesson plans, uses the principles of "memorizing the future" and "behavioral drills", and combines "strategy classification" and "role play" in class to cultivate Vietnamese learners in Pragmatic competence in cross-cultural communication situations.